デリー

Delhi

「首都圏」はここにリダイレクトされます. 一般的な用語に首都区と準州を参照して
完全にデリーの範囲内にあるインドの首都
ニューデリー
と混同しないでください その他の用法については「 デリー 」をご覧
デリー( / ˈ d ɛ l i / ;ヒンディー語の発音:  ディリー ;パンジャブ語の発音:  ディリー ;ウルドゥー語の発音:  デリー)， 正式にはデリーの首都圏( NCT )は、インドの首都ニューデリーを含むインドの都市および連邦直轄領。 ヤムナー川にまたがる川、主にその西岸または右岸であるデリーは、東でウッタルプラデーシュ州と、残りの方向でハリヤーナ州と国境を接しています。NCT の面積は 1，484.0 平方キロメートル (573.0 平方マイル) です。 2011 年の国勢調査によると、デリー市の人口は 1，100 万人を超え 、NCT の人口は約 1，680 万人でした。首都圏として知られる地域にあるガジアバード、ファリダバード、グルガオン、ノイダの衛星都市を含むデリーの都市集積(NCR) の推定人口は 2，800 万人を超え、インドで最大の大都市圏であり、世界で(東京に次いで) 2 番目に大きい大都市圏となっています。
デリー
連邦領土
デリー首都圏
上から左へ：
フマユーン廟。
クトゥブ・ミナール;
ジャーマー・マスジド;
レッド フォートのラホリ門。
インド門;
ガウリ シャンカル寺院を背景にした
ディガンバル ジャイナ教寺院。聖ジェームズ教会;
ハイデラバード ハウス;
ロータス寺院、
バハイ教の礼拝所 国旗 象徴
インドのデリーの場所
座標：北緯28度36分36 秒 東経77度13分48秒 / 28.61000°N 77.23000°E / 28.61000; 77.23000Coordinates:
28°36′36″N 77°13′48″E / 28.61000°N 77.23000°E / 28.61000; 77.23000 国  インド
首都、デリー・スルタン国 1214 首都、ムガル帝国
1526年、アグラと断続的に
首都、英国領インド 1911年 ニューデリー、首都、インド自治領 1947年 ニューデリー、首都、インド共和国
1950年1月26日
連合領 1956年 首都圏
1992 年 2 月 1 日
資本
ニューデリー
地区 11 政府
 • 体
デリー政府
 • 副知事
ビナイ・クマール・サクセナ
 • 首相
Arvind Kejriwal ( AAP )
 • 副首相
マニッシュ・シソディア（AAP）
 • 議会
一院制（70席）
 • 議会選挙区
ラージャ サブハ( 3 席)
Lok Sabha ( 7 席)
領域
 • 連邦領土
1，484.0 km 2 (573.0 平方マイル)
 • 水
18 km 2 (6.9 平方マイル)
 • ランク 32位 標高
200 ～ 250 m (650 ～ 820 フィート)
人口 （2011)  • 連邦領土
16，787，941
 • 密度
11，312/km 2 (29，298/平方マイル)
 • アーバン
16，349，831 ( 2位)
 • メガシティ
11，034，555 ( 2回目)
 • メトロ( NCRの一部を含む（2018)
28，514，000 ( 1位)
悪魔の名
デリー派
言語  • 追加の公式ウルドゥー語
GDP （2021–22)
 • 公称
92億 3，000 万ルピー(1，200 億米ドル)
 • 一人当たり名目
ルピー401，922 (US$5，000)
 • メトロ GDP / PPP （2016 年)
3，700 億ドル
タイムゾーン
UTC+5.30 ( IST )
ピン 110000–110099 市外局番 +91 11 ISO 3166 コード DL中 車両登録 DL 国際空港
インディラ・ガンジー国際空港(DEL)
ラピッドトランジットHDI 2019)
0.746 (高) · 5位
リテラシー （2011)
86.21%
性比 （2011年）
868 ♀ /1000 ♂
Webサイト
デリー.gov .in
ヤムナー川のほとりにある中世の要塞プラーナ キラーの地形は、サンスクリット語の叙事詩マハーバーラタの城塞インドラプラスタの文学的記述と一致します。しかし、この地域の発掘調査では、古代の建築環境の痕跡は明らかにされ13 世紀初頭から 19 世紀半ばまで、デリーは 2 つの主要な帝国、デリー スルタン国とムガル帝国の首都であり、南アジアの大部分をカバーしていました。市内の3 つのユネスコ世界遺産、クトゥブ ミナール、フマユーン廟、レッド フォート、この期間に属します。デリーは、スーフィズムとカウワリ音楽の初期の中心地でした。Nizamuddin AuliyaとAmir Khusrauの名前が顕著に関連しています。デリーのハリボリ方言は、ウルドゥー語、そして現代標準ヒンディー語の文学を生み出す言語発展の一部でした。デリー出身の主要なウルドゥー詩人には、ミール・タキ・ミールとミルザ・ガリブが含まれます。デリーは1857 年のインド反乱の主要な中心地でした。1911年、デリーの南部地域であるニューデリーがイギリス領インド帝国の首都となった. 1947 年のインドの分割の間、デリーはムガールの都市からパンジャブの都市に変わり、イスラム教徒の居住者の 3 分の 2 が失われました。これは、パンジャブ西部から到着したヒンズー教徒の難民によってもたらされた圧力が原因の 1 つです。 1947 年の独立後、ニューデリーは引き続きインド自治領の首都となり、1950 年以降はインド共和国の首都となった。
デリーは、インドのどの都市よりも億万長者と億万長者の数が 2 番目に多い都市です。デリーは、人間開発指数でインドの州および連邦直轄領の中で 5 位にランクされています。デリーの1 人あたりの GDPはインドで2 番目に高い(ゴアに次いで)。連邦直轄領ではあるが、今日のデリー NCT の政治行政は、独自の立法府、高等法院、および首相が率いる閣僚会議を備えたインドの州に似ている。ニューデリーは連邦政府によって共同で管理されています。 インドの政府とデリーの地方政府であり、国の首都およびデリーの NCT としての役割を果たしています。デリーは、1985年に作成された「州際地域計画」エリアである首都圏の中心でも、2010 男子ホッケー ワールド カップ、2010 コモンウェルス ゲームズ、2012 BRICS サミット、 2011 クリケット ワールド カップの主要開催都市の 1 つです。

コンテンツ1 Toponym History
2.1 Ancient and Early Medieval Periods 2.2 Late Medieval Period 2.3 Early Modern Period 2.4 Colonial Period 2.5 Partition and post-independence 3 Ecology 3.1 Climate 3.2 Air pollution
4 Civic administration
4.1 Municipal governance 4.2 Courts
5 Government and politics 6 Economy 7 Utility services 8 Transport 8.1 Air 8.2 Road 8.3 Railway 8.4 Metro 9 Demographics 9.1 Religion 9.2 Languages 10 Culture 10.1 Festivals 10.2 Cuisine11 Education 2 Media 3 Sports
14 See also5 Notes 6 References
17 Further reading
18 External links
18.1 Government 18.2 General information
地名
デリーという名前の由来には、多くの神話や伝説がそのうちの 1 つは、紀元前 50 年にこの場所に都市を建設し、自分の名前にちなんで名付けたディルまたはディルに由来します。 別の伝説によると、この都市の名前はヒンディー語/プラクリット語のdhili (ゆるい) に基づいており、デリーの鉄柱が基盤が弱く、移動する必要がありました。Panjab Notes and Queries によると、Prithviraj 王の時代の都市の名前はdilpatであり、そのdilpatとdilliはおそらく「高貴」を意味する古いヒンディー語のdilに由来します。インド考古学調査の元ディレクターであるアレクサンダー・カニンガムは、ディリーが後にディリ/デリーになったと述べています。トマラの下の地域で流通している硬貨はデリワルと呼ばれていたと示唆する人もいます。 Bhavishya Puranaによると、Indraprasthaの King Prithiviraja は、現代のPurana Qilaに新しい砦を建設しました。彼の王国のすべての 4 つのカーストの便宜のための領域。彼は砦への門の建設を命じ、後に砦をデハリと名付けました。一部の歴史家は、DhilliまたはDhillikaが都市の元の名前であると信じていますが、別の歴史家は、その名前がヒンドゥスターニ語のdehleezまたはdehali (どちらも「敷居」または「ゲートウェイ」を意味する用語) の腐敗であり、都市の象徴であると信じています。ガンジス平原への玄関口として。
デリーの人々は、デリー人またはディリワラと呼ばれます。この都市は、北インド・アーリア語のさまざまなイディオムで言及されている。例は次のとおりです。
Abhī Dillī dūr hai (अभी दिल्ली दूर है / ابھی دلی دور ہے) またはそのペルシア語版、Hanuz Dehli dur ast ( نوڰ دھی دور است )、文字通り「デリーの仕事はまだ一般的に遠く離れている」という意味まだまだ完成にはほど遠い。
Ās-pās barse， Dillī pānī tarse (आस-पास बरसे， दिल्ली पानी तरसे آس پاس برسے، دلی پانی ترسے) は、文字通り、「嘘をついている間、辺り一面が乾いている」という意味です。デリーの時には半乾燥した気候をほのめかし、慣用的に、豊かさに囲まれているときの剥奪の状況を指します.
ラテン文字で使用され、奇妙にもlの後にhが続く形式のDelhiは、植民地支配下で発生し、都市のウルドゥー語名 ( دہلی ， Dehli ) に基づいたスペルミスです。
歴史
デリーと
オールド デリーの歴史
古代と中世初期
伝統的に、7 つの都市がデリー地域に関連付けられてきました。最も初期のインドラプラスタは、ヤムナ川のほとりにある丘の上に都市を配置するサンスクリット語の叙事詩マハーバーラタ(西暦前 400 年頃から西暦 200 年頃に作曲されたが、それ以前の時代について記述している) の文学的記述の一部である。美術史家のキャサリン・B・アッシャーによると、マハーバーラタの地形的記述は、14 世紀のデリー スルタン国の砦であるプラーナ キラーの地域と一致しますが、類似性はそれ以上にはなりません。マハーバーラタは周囲を要塞で囲んだ美しく装飾された都市について語っていますが、発掘調査では「不均一な発見」が得られました。紀元前11世紀の灰色の陶器の特徴を描いた。構築された環境の兆候はなく、要塞もはるかに少ないことが明らかになりました.”

  デリーの
鉄柱は、アナンパル・トマールによってデリーに設立されました。

  クトゥブ ミナール コンプレックスの古代寺院の柱
最も初期の建築遺物は、マウリヤ時代 (紀元前 300 年頃)にさかのぼります。1966 年、スリニヴァスプリの近くでマウリヤ朝アショーカ王(紀元前 273 ～ 235 年) の碑文が発見されました。デリーにはいくつかの主要都市の遺跡がこれらの最初のものは、現在のデリーの南部にありました。トマラ王朝のアナン パル王は、西暦 1052 年にラル コットといくつかの寺院を建設しました。Vigraharaj Chauhanは 12 世紀半ばにラル コットを征服し、それをキラ ライ ピトラと改名しました。
中世後期
「デリー・スルタン国
」も参照

  At 72.5 m (238 ft)， the
Qutb Minar， a
UNESCO World Heritage Site in Delhi，
was completed during the reign of Sultan
Illtutmish in the 13th century; although its style has some similarities with the
Jarkurgan minaret， it is more closely related to the Ghaznavid and Ghurid minarets of Central Asia Prithviraj Chauhan王は、インド北部を征服するために協力して努力したアフガニスタンからの侵略者である Tarain の 2 番目の戦いで、1192 年にMuhammad Ghoriによって敗北しました。 Qutb-ud-din Aibakは、Ghori が彼の首都であるGhorに戻るまで、征服されたインドの領土を統治する責任を与えられた。西暦1206年にゴリが後継者なしで亡くなったとき、クトゥブ・ウディンはゴリのインドの所有物を支配し、デリー・スルタン国とマムルーク王朝の基礎を築きました。彼はクトゥブ・ミナールとクワト・アル・イスラムの建設を開始した (マイト オブ イスラム) モスク、インドに現存する最古のモスク。彼の後継者であるIltutmish (1211–1236) は、北インドのトルコ人の征服を強化しました。 Iltutmish の娘であるRazia Sultanがデリーのスルタンとして彼の後を継いだ。彼女は、英国統治以前にデリーを支配した最初で唯一の女性でした。
For the next three hundred years， Delhi was ruled by a succession of Turkic and an Afghan， Lodi dynasty. They built several forts and townships that are part of the seven cities of Delhi. Delhi was a major centre of Sufism during this period. The Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi) was overthrown in 1290 by Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji (1290–1320). Under the second Khalji ruler， Ala-ud-din Khalji， the Delhi sultanate extended its control south of the Narmada River in the Deccan. The Delhi sultanate reached its greatest extent during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq (1325–1351). In an attempt to bring the whole of the Deccan under control， he moved his capital to Daulatabad， Maharashtra in central India. However， by moving away from Delhi he lost control of the north and was forced to return to Delhi to restore order. The southern provinces then broke away. In the years following the reign of Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351–1388)， the Delhi Sultanate rapidly began to lose its hold over its northern provinces. Delhi was captured and sacked by Timur in 1398， who massacred 100，000 captive civilians. Delhi’s decline continued under the Sayyid dynasty (1414–1451)， until the sultanate was reduced to Delhi and its hinterland. Under the Afghan Lodi dynasty (1451–1526)， the Delhi sultanate recovered control of Punjab and the Gangetic plain to once again achieve domination over Northern India. However， the recovery was short-lived and the sultanate was destroyed in 1526 by Babur， founder of the Mughal dynasty.
Early Modern Period
See also: Mughal Empire
  Red Fort， a
UNESCO World Heritage Site， was the main residence of the
Mughal emperors for nearly 200 years.
In 1526， Babur a descendant of Genghis Khan and Timur， from the Fergana Valley in modern-day Uzbekistan invaded India， defeated the last Lodhi sultan in the First Battle of Panipat and founded the Mughal Empire that ruled from Delhi and Agra. The Mughal dynasty ruled Delhi for more than three centuries， with a sixteen-year hiatus during the reigns of Sher Shah Suri and Hemu from 1540 to 1556. Shah Jahan built the seventh city of Delhi that bears his name Shahjahanabad， which served as the capital of the Mughal Empire from 1638 and is today known as the Old City or Old Delhi.
After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707， the Mughal Empire’s influence declined rapidly as the Hindu Maratha Empire from Deccan Plateau rose to prominence. In 1737， Maratha forces led by Baji Rao I sacked Delhi following their victory against the Mughals in the First Battle of Delhi. In 1739， the Mughal Empire lost the huge Battle of Karnal in less than three hours against the numerically outnumbered but militarily superior Persian army led by Nader Shah of Persia. After his invasion， he completely sacked and looted Delhi， carrying away immense wealth including the Peacock Throne， the Daria-i-Noor， and Koh-i-Noor. The Mughals， severely further weakened， could never overcome this crushing defeat and humiliation which also left the way open for more invaders to come， including eventually the British. Nader eventually agreed to leave the city and India after forcing the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah I to beg him for mercy and granting him the keys of the city and the royal treasury. A treaty signed in 1752 made Marathas the protectors of the Mughal throne in Delhi. The city was sacked again in 1757 by the forces of Ahmad Shah Durrani， although it was not annexed by the Afghan Empire and being its vassal state under the Mughal emperor. Then the Marathas battled and won control of Delhi from the Mughals. By the end of the century， Delhi had also come under control of the Bharatpur State and the Sikh Empire. Colonial Period See also: British Raj In 1803， during the Second Anglo-Maratha War， the forces of British East India Company defeated the Maratha forces in the Battle of Delhi.

  Six stamps issued by the Government of
British India to mark the inauguration of New Delhi in February 1931
During the Indian Rebellion of 1857， Delhi fell to the forces of East India Company after a bloody fight known as the Siege of Delhi. The city came under the direct control of the British Government in 1858. It was made a district province of the Punjab. In 1911， it was announced that the capital of British-held territories in India was to be transferred from Calcutta to Delhi. The name “”New Delhi”” was given in 1927， and the new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931. New Delhi was officially declared as the capital of the Union of India after the country gained independence on 15 August 1947. It has expanded since; the small part of it that was constructed during the British period has come to be informally known as Lutyens’ Delhi.
Partition and post-independence

  Khan Market in New Delhi， now a high-end shopping district， was established in 1951 to help refugees of the
Partition of India， especially those from the
North West Frontier Province (NWFP). It honours
Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan， Chief Minister of NWFP during the Partition.
During the partition of India， around five lakh Hindu and Sikh refugees， mainly from West Punjab fled to Delhi， while around three lakh Muslim residents of the city migrated to Pakistan. Ethnic Punjabis are believed to account for at least 40% of Delhi’s total population and are predominantly Hindi-speaking Punjabi Hindus. Migration to Delhi from the rest of India continues (as of 2013)， contributing more to the rise of Delhi’s population than the birth rate， which is declining.
The States Reorganisation Act， 1956 created the Union Territory of Delhi from its predecessor， the Chief Commissioner’s Province of Delhi. The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act， 1991 declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as the National Capital Territory of Delhi. The Act gave Delhi its legislative assembly along Civil lines， though with limited powers.
Delhi was the primary site in the nationwide anti-Sikh pogroms of 1984， which resulted in the death of around 2，800 people in the city according to government figures， though independent estimates of the number of people killed tend to be higher. The riots were set off by the assassination of Indira Gandhi—the Prime Minister of India at the time—by her Sikh bodyguards.
In 2001， the Parliament of India building in New Delhi was attacked by armed militants， killing six security personnel. India suspected Pakistan-based militant groups were behind the attack， which caused a major diplomatic crisis between the two countries. There were further terrorist attacks in Delhi in 2005 and 2008， resulting in a total of 92 deaths.
The 2020 Delhi riots， Delhi’s worst communal violence in decades， was caused mainly by Hindu mobs attacking Muslims. Of the 53 people killed， two-thirds were Muslims， and the rest Hindus. Ecology Main article:
Environment of Delhi

  Aerial view of Delhi in April 2016 with river
Yamuna in top-right.
Delhi is located in Northern India， at
28°37′N 77°14′E / 28.61°N 77.23°E / 28.61; 77.23. The city is bordered on its northern， western， and southern sides by the state of Haryana and to the east by that of Uttar Pradesh (UP). Two prominent features of the geography of Delhi are the Yamuna flood plains and the Delhi ridge. The Yamuna River was the historical boundary between Punjab and UP， and its flood plains provide fertile alluvial soil suitable for agriculture but are prone to recurrent floods. The Yamuna， a sacred river in Hinduism， is the only major river flowing through Delhi. The Hindon River separates Ghaziabad from the eastern part of Delhi. The Delhi ridge originates from the Aravalli Range in the south and encircles the west， northeast， and northwest parts of the city. It reaches a height of 318 m (1，043 ft) and is a dominant feature of the region. In addition to the wetlands formed by the Yamuna river， Delhi continues to retain over 500 ponds (wetlands < 5 ha)， that in turn support considerable number of bird species. Delhi's ponds， despite experiencing ecological deterioration due to garbage dumping and concretization， supports the largest number of bird species known to be using ponds anywhere in the world. Existing policy in Delhi prevents the conversion of wetlands and， quite inadvertently， has led to the city's ponds becoming invaluable refugia for birds.
The National Capital Territory of Delhi covers an area of 1，483 km2 (573 sq mi)， of which 783 km2 (302 sq mi) is designated rural， and 700 km2 (270 sq mi) urban therefore making it the largest city in terms of area in the country. It has a length of 51.9 km (32 mi) and a width of 48.48 km (30 mi).
Delhi is included in India’s seismic zone-IV， indicating its vulnerability to major earthquakes. Climate See also:
Climate of Delhi
Delhi features a dry-winter humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) bordering a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh). The warm season lasts from 21 March to 15 June with an average daily high temperature above 39 °C (102 °F). The hottest day of the year is 22 May， with an average high of 40 °C (104 °F) and low of 28 °C (82 °F). The cold season lasts from 26 November to 9 February with an average daily high temperature below 20 °C (68 °F). The coldest day of the year is 4 January， with an average low of 2 °C (36 °F) and high of 14 °C (57 °F). In early March， the wind direction changes from north-westerly to south-westerly. From April to October the weather is hot. The monsoon arrives at the end of June， along with an increase in humidity. The brief， mild winter starts in late November， peaks in January and heavy fog often occurs.
Temperatures in Delhi usually range from 2 to 47 °C (35.6 to 116.6 °F)， with the lowest and highest temperatures ever recorded being −2.2 and 49.2 °C (28.0 and 120.6 °F)， respectively. However， 49.2 °C (120.6 °F) was recorded at Mungeshpur on 15 May 2022 whereas one of the main weathering station， that is， Airport station recorded all time high of 48.4 °C (119.1 °F) on 26 May 1998. The lowest ever temperature ever recorded is −2.2 °C (28.0 °F) at airport on 11 January 1967. The annual mean temperature is 25 °C (77 °F); monthly mean temperatures range from 13 to 32 °C (55 to 90 °F). The highest temperature recorded in July was 45 °C (113 °F) in 1931. The average annual rainfall is approximately 886 mm (34.9 in)， most of which falls during the monsoon in July and August. The average date of the advent of monsoon winds in Delhi is 29 June. vt e Climate data for New Delhi(Safdarjung) 1991–2020， extremes 1901–presentMonth an eb ar pr ay unul ug ep ct ov ec Year Record high °C (°F)
30.0(86.0)
34.1(93.4)
40.6(105.1)
45.6(114.1)
47.2(117.0)
46.7(116.1)
45.0(113.0)
42.0(107.6)
40.6(105.1)
39.4(102.9)
36.1(97.0)
30.0(86.0)
47.2(117.0)
Mean maximum °C (°F)
25.5(77.9)
29.1(84.4)
35.3(95.5)
41.3(106.3)
43.7(110.7)
43.8(110.8)
39.7(103.5)
37.4(99.3)
37.1(98.8)
36.0(96.8)
32.2(90.0)
27.0(80.6)
44.5(112.1)
Average high °C (°F)
20.1(68.2)
24.2(75.6)
29.9(85.8)
36.5(97.7)
39.9(103.8)
39.0(102.2)
35.6(96.1)
34.2(93.6)
34.1(93.4)
33.0(91.4)
28.4(83.1)
22.8(73.0)
31.4(88.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)
14.1(57.4)
17.4(63.3)
22.7(72.9)
28.9(84.0)
32.7(90.9)
33.2(91.8)
31.4(88.5)
30.3(86.5)
29.6(85.3)
26.0(78.8)
20.5(68.9)
15.5(59.9)
25.2(77.4)
Average low °C (°F)
7.5(45.5)
10.6(51.1)
15.6(60.1)
21.3(70.3)
25.8(78.4)
27.7(81.9)
27.5(81.5)
26.7(80.1)
25.0(77.0)
19.5(67.1)
13.0(55.4)
8.4(47.1)
18.9(66.0)
Mean minimum °C (°F)
4.1(39.4)
6.1(43.0)
10.7(51.3)
16.0(60.8)
20.8(69.4)
22.3(72.1)
24.0(75.2)
23.6(74.5)
21.7(71.1)
14.7(58.5)
8.6(47.5)
4.6(40.3)
3.6(38.5)
Record low °C (°F)
−0.6(30.9)
1.6(34.9)
4.4(39.9)
10.7(51.3)
15.2(59.4)
18.0(64.4)
20.3(68.5)
21.6(70.9)
17.3(63.1)
9.4(48.9)
3.9(39.0)
1.1(34.0)
−0.6(30.9)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
19.2(0.76)
21.5(0.85)
19.1(0.75)
12.5(0.49)
29.4(1.16)
80.6(3.17)
195.8(7.71)
226.8(8.93)
128.0(5.04)
14.1(0.56)
4.1(0.16)
8.0(0.31)
759.1(29.89)
Average rainy days.7 .5 .7 .0 .7 .8 .70.2 .5 .8 .4 .6 0.6
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST)2 2 5 3 6 9 2 6 8 20 21 22 23
Average dew point °C (°F) (46) 11(52)
14(57)
14(57)
18(64)
22(72)
26(79)
25(77)
23(73)
18(64)
14(57)
10(50)
17(62)
Mean monthly sunshine hours20.1 23.2 48.0 76.0 85.2 19.0 79.876.7 19.0 60.4 46.0 20.1 ，773.5 Mean daily sunshine hours.1 .9 .0 .2 .2 .3 .8.7 .3 .4 .2 .1 .6
Average ultraviolet index 0 1 2 7.1 Source 1: India Meteorological Department (sun 1971–2000)Time and Date (dewpoints， 2005-2015)
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1981–2010)Weather Atlas (UV Index)
Daylight data for New Delhi
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily daylight hours 10.6 11.2 12.0 12.9 13.6 13.9 13.8 13.1 12.3 11.5 10.7 10.3 12.2
Source: Weather Atlas
Average Barometric Pressure & Wind Speed Data of Delhi
Month January February March April May June July August September October November December Year
Average Barometric pressure milibars (inHg)
1，017.0 millibars (30.03 inHg) 1，014.5 millibars (29.96 inHg) 1，010.6 millibars (29.84 inHg) 1，005.4 millibars (29.69 inHg) 1，000.5 millibars (29.54 inHg) 996.7 millibars (29.43 inHg) 996.9 millibars (29.44 inHg) 999.4 millibars (29.51 inHg) 1，003.4 millibars (29.63 inHg) 1，009.6 millibars (29.81 inHg) 1，013.6 millibars (29.93 inHg) 1，016.1 millibars (30.01 inHg) 1，007.0 millibars (29.74 inHg)
Average Wind Speed kilometres per hour (mph)
8.3 kilometres per hour (5.2 mph) 9.4 kilometres per hour (5.8 mph) 9.5 kilometres per hour (5.9 mph) 10.0 kilometres per hour (6.2 mph) 10.2 kilometres per hour (6.3 mph) 10.6 kilometres per hour (6.6 mph) 9.5 kilometres per hour (5.9 mph) 8.8 kilometres per hour (5.5 mph) 8.3 kilometres per hour (5.2 mph) 6.7 kilometres per hour (4.2 mph) 7.6 kilometres per hour (4.7 mph) 7.7 kilometres per hour (4.8 mph) 8.9 kilometres per hour (5.5 mph)
Climate data for Delhi (Palam) 1981–2010， extremes 1956–presentMonth an eb ar pr ay unul ug ep ct ov ec Year Record high °C (°F)
31.0(87.8)
35.7(96.3)
41.3(106.3)
45.3(113.5)
48.4(119.1)
48.0(118.4)
45.7(114.3)
43.2(109.8)
40.8(105.4)
39.6(103.3)
36.4(97.5)
30.4(86.7)
48.4(119.1)
Mean maximum °C (°F)
25.8(78.4)
29.4(84.9)
36.0(96.8)
42.5(108.5)
45.0(113.0)
44.9(112.8)
40.8(105.4)
38.3(100.9)
38.2(100.8)
36.7(98.1)
32.7(90.9)
27.0(80.6)
45.8(114.4)
Average high °C (°F)
20.4(68.7)
24.1(75.4)
29.9(85.8)
37.1(98.8)
40.3(104.5)
39.9(103.8)
35.9(96.6)
34.4(93.9)
34.7(94.5)
33.4(92.1)
28.5(83.3)
22.8(73.0)
31.8(89.2)
Average low °C (°F)
7.3(45.1)
10.2(50.4)
15.1(59.2)
21.4(70.5)
26.0(78.8)
27.7(81.9)
27.0(80.6)
26.2(79.2)
24.7(76.5)
19.5(67.1)
13.6(56.5)
8.8(47.8)
19.0(66.2)
Mean minimum °C (°F)
3.6(38.5)
5.7(42.3)
9.3(48.7)
15.1(59.2)
20.4(68.7)
22.1(71.8)
23.5(74.3)
23.2(73.8)
21.3(70.3)
14.9(58.8)
8.8(47.8)
4.6(40.3)
3.3(37.9)
Record low °C (°F)
−2.2(28.0)
−1.6(29.1)
3.4(38.1)
8.6(47.5)
14.6(58.3)
19.8(67.6)
17.8(64.0)
20.2(68.4)
13.6(56.5)
9.9(49.8)
2.1(35.8)
−1.3(29.7)
−2.2(28.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
17.2(0.68)
18.8(0.74)
11.0(0.43)
10.7(0.42)
32.9(1.30)
75.2(2.96)
188.7(7.43)
197.9(7.79)
117.4(4.62)
12.6(0.50)
3.8(0.15)
5.8(0.23)
692.0(27.24)
Average rainy days.4 .6 .4 .2 .7 .0 .9.4 .0 .8 .4 .4 7.2
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST)3 4 4 3 6 0 1 6 6 30 31 32 33
Source: India Meteorological Department
Climate data for Delhi NCT (extremes 1956–present)Month an eb ar pr ay unul ug ep ct ov ec Year Record high °C (°F)
31.0(87.8)
35.7(96.3)
42.0(107.6)
46.4(115.5)
49.2(120.6)
48.0(118.4)
45.7(114.3)
43.2(109.8)
40.8(105.4)
39.6(103.3)
36.4(97.5)
30.4(86.7)
49.2(120.6)
Record low °C (°F)
−2.2(28.0)
−1.6(29.1)
3.4(38.1)
8.6(47.5)
14.6(58.3)
18.0(64.4)
17.8(64.0)
20.2(68.4)
13.6(56.5)
9.4(48.9)
2.1(35.8)
−1.3(29.7)
−2.2(28.0)
Source: India Meteorological Department Air pollution See also:
Environmental issues in Delhi and
Air pollution in Delhi

  A dense toxic smog in New Delhi blocks out the sun. In November 2017， Delhi’s chief minister described the city as a “”gas chamber””.

  Urban sustainability analysis of the greater urban area of the city using the ‘Circles of Sustainability method of the UN Global Compact Cities Programme.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Delhi was the most polluted city in the world in 2014. In 2016 WHO downgraded Delhi to eleventh-worst in the urban air quality database. According to one estimate， air pollution causes the death of about 10，500 people in Delhi every year. Air quality index of Delhi is generally moderate (101–200) level between January to September， and then it drastically deteriorates to Very Poor (301–400)， Severe (401–500) or Hazardous (500+) levels in three months between October to December， due to various factors including stubble burning， fire crackers burning during Diwali and cold weather. During 2013–14， peak levels of fine particulate matter (PM) in Delhi increased by about 44%， primarily due to high vehicular and industrial emissions， construction work and crop burning in adjoining states. It has the highest level of the airborne particulate matter， PM2.5 considered most harmful to health， with 153 micrograms. Rising air pollution level has significantly increased lung-related ailments (especially asthma and lung cancer) among Delhi’s children and women. The dense smog and haze in Delhi during winter results in major air and rail traffic disruptions every year. According to Indian meteorologists， the average maximum temperature in Delhi during winters has declined notably since 1998 due to rising air pollution.
India’s Ministry of Earth Sciences published a research paper in October 2018 attributing almost 41% of PM2.5 air pollution in Delhi to vehicular emissions， 21.5% to dust/fire and 18% to industries. The director of Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) alleged that the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM) is lobbying “”against the report”” because it is “”inconvenient”” to the automobile industry. Environmentalists have also criticised the Delhi government for not doing enough to curb air pollution and to inform people about air quality issues. In 2014， an environmental panel appealed to India’s Supreme Court to impose a 30% cess on diesel cars， but till date no action has been taken to penalise the automobile industry.
Most of Delhi’s residents are unaware of alarming levels of air pollution in the city and the health risks associated with it; however， as of 2015， awareness， particularly among the foreign diplomatic community and high-income Indians， was noticeably increasing. Since the mid-1990s， Delhi has undertaken some measures to curb air pollution—Delhi has the third-highest quantity of trees among Indian cities and the Delhi Transport Corporation operates the world’s largest fleet of environmentally friendly compressed natural gas (CNG) buses. In 1996， the CSE started a public interest litigation in the Supreme Court of India that ordered the conversion of Delhi’s fleet of buses and taxis to run on CNG and banned the use of leaded petrol in 1998. In 2003， Delhi won the United States Department of Energy’s first ‘Clean Cities International Partner of the Year’ award for its “”bold efforts to curb air pollution and support alternative fuel initiatives””. The Delhi Metro has also been credited for significantly reducing air pollutants in the city.
However， according to several authors， most of these gains have been lost， especially due to stubble burning， a rise in the market share of diesel cars and a considerable decline in bus ridership. According to CSE and System of Air Quality Weather Forecasting and Research (SAFAR)， burning of agricultural waste in nearby Punjab， Haryana and Uttar Pradesh regions results in severe intensification of smog over Delhi.
The Circles of Sustainability assessment of Delhi gives a marginally more favourable impression of the ecological sustainability of the city only because it is based on a more comprehensive series of measures than only air pollution. Part of the reason that the city remains assessed at basic sustainability is because of the low resource-use and carbon emissions of its poorer neighbourhoods. On 3 January 2020， Delhi got its first smog tower to tackle air pollution.
Month January （2022)
February （2022)
March （2022)
April （2022)
May （2022)
June （2022)
July （2022)
August （2021)
September （2021)
October （2021)
November （2021)
December （2021)
Average Air quality index (As per latest data) 279 (Poor)
224 (Poor)
157 (Moderate)
197 (Moderate)
212 (Poor)
117 (Moderate)
87 (Satisfactory)
98 (Satisfactory)
78 (Satisfactory)
173 (Moderate)
377 (Severe)
336 (Severe) Civic administration See also:
Neighbourhoods of Delhi，
Districts of Delhi， and
List of towns in National Capital Territory of Delhi

  Districts of Delhi
Currently， the National Capital Territory of Delhi is made up of one division， 11 districts， 33 subdivisions， 59 census towns， and 300 villages. Municipal governance
  Municipalities of Delhi （2022-present)
The National Capital Territory of Delhi is divided into three municipalities， Delhi Municipality， New Delhi and Delhi Cantonment， each with their own governance apparatus. The Municipality of Delhi is administered by Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) which occupies an area of 1397.3 km2 and is sub-divided into 12 zones， that is， Centre， South， West， Najafgarh， Rohini， Civil Lines， Karol Bagh， SP-City， Keshavpuram， Narela， Shahdara North and Shahdara South. Municipal services in New Delhi， which occupies an area of 42.7 km2， are provided by the New Delhi Municipal Council and Delhi Cantonment is administered by a Cantonment board.
Between 2011 and 22 May 2022 Delhi Municipality was divided into three municipal corporations:
South Delhi had jurisdiction over South and West Delhi areas including Mahipalpur， Rajouri Garden， Badarpur， Jaitpur， Janakpuri， Hari Nagar， Tilak Nagar， Dwarka， Jungpura， Greater Kailash， R K Puram， Malviya Nagar， Kalkaji， Ambedkar Nagar and Pul pehladpur.
North Delhi had jurisdiction over areas such as Badli， Rithala， Bawana， Kirari， Mangolpuri， Tri Nagar， Model Town， Sadar Bazar， Chandni Chowk， Matia Mahal， Karol Bagh， Moti Nagar
East Delhi had jurisdiction over areas such as Patparganj， Kondli， Laxmi Nagar， Seemapuri， Gonda， Karawal Nagar， Babarpur and Shahadra. Courts See also:
Courts in Delhi
Delhi is home to the Supreme Court of India which is also the apex court of the nation. Delhi is also home to the High Court of Delhi. The High Court of Delhi is the highest in the Delhi before Supreme Court. The High Court of Delhi just like the apex court and other High Courts in India is the Court of record. Delhi is also home to various District Court according to jurisdictions. Delhi have Currently seven District Courts namely Tis Hazari Court Complex， Karkardooma Court Complex， Patiala House Court Complex， Rohini Court Complex， Dwarka Courts Complex， Saket Court Complex， and Rouse Avenue Court Apart from the District Courts Delhi also have Consumer Courts， CBI Courts， Labour Courts， Revenue Courts， Army tribunals， electricity tribunals， Railway Tribunals， and other various tribunals situated according to appropriate jurisdictions.
For policing purposes Delhi is divided into fifteen police districts which are further subdivided into 95 local police station zones. Delhi currently has 180 police stations.
Government and politics
Main articles:
Government of Delhi and
Government of India

  Arvind Kejriwal is the seventh and current
Chief Minister of Delhi， first elected in February 2015.

  Delhi Legislative Assembly， originally
Imperial Legislative Council， built in 1921
As a first-level administrative division， the National Capital Territory of Delhi has its own Legislative Assembly， Lieutenant Governor， the council of ministers， and Chief Minister. Members of the legislative assembly are directly elected from territorial constituencies in the NCT. The legislative assembly was abolished in 1956， after which direct federal control was implemented until it was re-established in 1993. The Municipal corporation handles civic administration for the city as part of the Panchayati Raj Act. The Government of India and the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi jointly administer New Delhi， where both bodies are located. The Parliament of India， the Rashtrapati Bhavan (Presidential Palace)， Cabinet Secretariat， and the Supreme Court of India are located in the municipal district of New Delhi. There are 70 assembly constituencies and seven Lok Sabha (Indian parliament’s lower house) constituencies in Delhi. The Indian National Congress (Congress) formed all the governments in Delhi until the 1990s， when the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)， led by Madan Lal Khurana， came to power. In 1998， the Congress returned to power under the leadership of Sheila Dikshit， who was subsequently re-elected for 3 consecutive terms. But in 2013， the Congress was ousted from power by the newly formed Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) led by Arvind Kejriwal forming the government with outside support from the Congress. However， that government was short-lived， collapsing only after 49 days. Delhi was then under President’s rule until February 2015. On 10 February 2015， the Aam Aadmi Party returned to power after a landslide victory， winning 67 out of the 70 seats in the Delhi Legislative Assembly. Economy Main article:
Economy of Delhi

Connaught Place in New Delhi is an important economic hub of the National Capital Region.
Delhi is the largest commercial center in northern India. As of 2016 recent estimates of the economy of the Delhi urban area have been around $370 billion (PPP metro GDP) ranking it either the most or second-most productive metro area of India. The nominal GSDP of the NCT of Delhi for 2016–17 was estimated at ₹6，224 billion (US$78 billion)， 13% higher than in 2015–16. As per the Economic survey of Delhi （2005–2006)， the tertiary sector contributes 70.95% of Delhi’s gross SDP followed by secondary and primary sectors with 25.20% and 3.85% contributions， respectively. Delhi’s workforce constitutes 32.82% of the population， and increased by 52.52% between 1991 and 2001. Delhi’s unemployment rate decreased from 12.57% in 1999–2000 to 4.63% in 2003. In December 2004， 636，000 people were registered with various employment exchange programmes in Delhi.

  The Khari Baoli market in Old Delhi is one of the oldest and busiest in the city.
In 2001 the total workforce in national and state governments and the quasi-government sector was 620，000， and the private sector employed 219，000. Key service industries are information technology， telecommunications， hotels， banking， media and tourism. Construction， power， health and community services and real estate are also important to the city’s economy. Delhi has one of India’s largest and fastest growing retail industries. Manufacturing also grew considerably as consumer goods companies established manufacturing units and headquarters in the city. Delhi’s large consumer market and the availability of skilled labour has also attracted foreign investment. In 2001， the manufacturing sector employed 1，440，000 workers and the city had 129，000 industrial units. Utility services Delhi’s municipal water supply is managed by the Delhi Jal Board (DJB). As of June 2005， it supplied 650 million gallons per day (MGD)， whereas the estimated consumption requirement is 963 MGD. The shortfall is met by private and public tube wells and hand pumps. At 240 MGD， the Bhakra storage is DJB’s largest water source， followed by the Yamuna and Ganges rivers. Delhi’s groundwater level is falling and its population density is increasing， so residents often encounter acute water shortage. Research on Delhi suggests that up to half of the city’s water use is unofficial groundwater.In Delhi， daily domestic solid waste production is 8000 tonnes which is dumped at three landfill locations by MCD. The daily domestic waste water production is 470 MGD and industrial waste water is 70 MGD. A large portion of the sewage flows untreated into the Yamuna river.
The city’s electricity consumption is about 1，265 kWh per capita but the actual demand is higher. In Delhi power distribution is managed by TPDDL and BSES Yamuna & BSES Rajdhani since 2002. The Delhi Fire Service runs 43 fire stations that attend about 15，000 fire and rescue calls per year. The state-owned BSNL and private enterprises such as Airtel， Vi， Jio， and provide telephone and cell phone services to the city. Cellular coverage is available in GSM， CDMA， 3G， 4G and 4G+. Transport Main article:
Transport in Delhi Air
  Indira Gandhi International Airport’s new terminal in Delhi. It is the busiest airport in South Asia.
Shown here is the immigration counter in Terminal 3.
Indira Gandhi International Airport， situated to the south-west of Delhi， is the main gateway for the city’s domestic and international civilian air traffic. In 2015–16， the airport handled more than 48 million passengers， making it the busiest airport in India and South Asia. Terminal 3， which cost ₹96.8 billion (US$1.2 billion) to construct between 2007 and 2010， handles an additional 37 million passengers annually. In 2010， IGIA was conferred the 4th best airport award in the world in the 15–25 million category， by Airports Council International. The airport was rated as the Best airport in the world in the 25–40 million passengers category in 2015， by Airports Council International. Delhi Airport was awarded The Best Airport in Central Asia and Best Airport Staff in Central Asia at the Skytrax World Airport Awards 2015. Hindon Domestic Airport in Ghaziabad was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi as the second airport for the Delhi-NCR Region on 8 March 2019. A second international airport open for commercial flights has been suggested either by expansion of Meerut Airport or construction of a new airport in Greater Noida. The Taj International Airport project in Jewar has been approved by the Uttar Pradesh government.
The Delhi Flying Club， established in 1928 with two de Havilland Moth aircraft named Delhi and Roshanara， was based at Safdarjung Airport which started operations in 1929， when it was the Delhi’s only airport and the second in India. The airport functioned until 2001; however， in January 2002 the government closed the airport for flying activities because of security concerns following the New York attacks in September 2001. Since then， the club only carries out aircraft maintenance courses and is used for helicopter rides to Indira Gandhi International Airport for VIP including the president and the prime minister. Road
  The Delhi Transport Corporation operates three types of
compressed natural gas buses， the world’s largest fleet.
The red- and green-roofed buses seen in the picture have low floors whereas the orange buses have standard height. The elevated Delhi metro is seen above in Azadpur.
  The cycle rickshaw and the
auto rickshaw are commonly used in Delhi for travelling short distances.
Delhi has the highest road density of 2103 km/100 km2 in India. It is connected to other parts of India by five National Highways: NH 1， NH 2， NH 8， NH 10 and NH 24. The Delhi–Mumbai and Delhi–Kolkata prongs of the Golden Quadrilateral start from the city. The city’s road network is maintained by MCD， NDMC， Delhi Cantonment Board， Public Works Department (PWD) and Delhi Development Authority.
Buses are the most popular means of road transport catering to about 60% of Delhi’s total demand. Delhi has one of India’s largest bus transport systems. In 1998， the Supreme Court of India ruled that all public transport vehicles in Delhi must be fuelled by compressed natural gas (CNG) to tackle increasing vehicular pollution. The state-owned Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) is a major bus service provider which operates the world’s largest fleet of CNG-fuelled buses. In addition， cluster scheme buses are operated by Delhi Integrated Multi-Modal Transit System (DIMTS) with the participation of private concessionaires and DTC. In December 2017， the DTC and cluster buses carried over 4.19 million passengers per day. Kashmiri Gate ISBT， Anand Vihar ISBT and Sarai Kale Khan ISBT are the main bus terminals for outstation buses plying to neighbouring states. Delhi’s rapid rate of economic development and population growth has resulted in an increasing demand for transport， creating excessive pressure on the city’s transport infrastructure. To meet the transport demand， the State and Union government constructed a mass rapid transit system， including the Delhi Metro. Delhi Bus Rapid Transit System runs between Ambedkar Nagar and Delhi Gate.
Personal vehicles especially cars also form a major chunk of vehicles plying on Delhi roads. As of 2007， private vehicles account for 30% of the total demand for transport. Delhi has the highest number of registered cars compared to any other metropolitan city in India. Taxis， auto rickshaws， and cycle rickshaws also ply on Delhi roads in large numbers. As of 2008， the number of vehicles in the metropolitan region， Delhi NCR， was 11.2 million (11.2 million). In 2008， there were 85 cars in Delhi for every 1，000 of its residents. In 2017， the number of vehicles in Delhi city alone crossed the ten million mark with the transport department of Delhi Government putting the total number of registered vehicles at 10，567，712 until 25 May of the year. Railway
  A platform of the
New Delhi railway station shows a passenger train and freight which awaits pick up or transportation to other destinations. The pedestrian bridge overhead connects the platforms.
Delhi is a major junction in the Indian railway network and is the headquarters of the Northern Railway. The main railway stations are New Delhi， Old Delhi， Hazrat Nizamuddin， Anand Vihar， Delhi Sarai Rohilla and Delhi Cantt. The Delhi Metro， a mass rapid transit system built and operated by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC)， serves many parts of Delhi and the neighbouring cities Ghaziabad， Faridabad， Gurgaon and Noida. As of December 2021， the metro consists of ten operational lines with a total length of 348.12 km (216.31 mi) and 254 stations， and several other lines are under construction. The Phase-I was built at a cost of US$2.3 billion and the Phase-II was expected to cost an additional ₹216 billion (US$2.7 billion). Phase-II has a total length of 128 km and was completed by 2010. Delhi Metro completed 10 years of operation on 25 December 2012. It carries millions of passengers every day. In addition to the Delhi Metro， a suburban railway， the Delhi Suburban Railway exists. Metro
  Delhi Metro is widely used Delhi- NCR. The Delhi Metro is a rapid transit system serving Delhi， Ghaziabad， Faridabad， Gurgaon and Noida in the National Capital Region of India. Delhi Metro is the world’s tenth-largest metro system in terms of length. Delhi Metro was India’s second modern public transportation system. The network consists of 10 colour-coded lines serving 255 stations with a total length of 348.12 kilometres (216.31 mi). The system has a mix of underground， at-grade， and elevated stations using both broad-gauge and standard-gauge. All stations have escalators， lifts， and tactile tiles to guide the visually impaired from station entrances to trains. There are 18 designated parking sites at Metro stations to further encourage the use of the system. In March 2010， DMRC partnered with Google India (through Google Transit) to provide train schedule and route information to mobile devices with Google Maps. It has a combination of elevated， at-grade， and underground lines， and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock. Four types of rolling stock are used: Mitsubishi–ROTEM Broad gauge， Bombardier MOVIA， Mitsubishi–ROTEM Standard gauge， and CAF Beasain Standard gauge. The Phase-I of Delhi Metro was built for US$2.3 billion and the Phase-II was expected to cost an additional ₹216 billion (US$2.7 billion). Phase-II has a total length of 128 km and was completed by 2010. Delhi Metro completed 10 years of operation on 25 December 2012. It carries millions of passengers every day.
Delhi Metro is being built and operated by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC)， a state-owned company with equal equity participation from the Government of India and the Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi. However， the organization is under the administrative control of the Ministry of Urban Development， Government of India. Besides the construction and operation of the Delhi Metro， DMRC is also involved in the planning and implementation of metro rail， monorail， and high-speed rail projects in India and providing consultancy services to other metro projects in the country as well as abroad. The Delhi Metro project was spearheaded by Padma Vibhushan E. Sreedharan， the managing director of DMRC and popularly known as the “”Metro Man”” of India. He famously resigned from DMRC taking moral responsibility for a metro bridge collapse， which took five lives. Sreedharan was awarded the Legion of Honour by the French Government for his contribution to Delhi Metro. Demographics See also:
Ethnic groups in Delhi
‹ The template India census population is being
considered for deletion. ›
Population Growth of Delhi Census opulation
%± 1901 405，819 1911 413，851 2.0%1921 88，452
18.0%1931 36，246
30.3%1941 17，939
44.3% 1951 1，744，072
90.0% 1961 2，658，612
52.4% 1971 4，065，698
52.9% 1981 6，220，406
53.0% 1991 9，420，644
51.4% 2001 13，782，976
46.3% 2011 16，753，235
21.6%
source:† Huge population rise in 1951 due to largescale migration after Partition of India in 1947.
According to the 2011 census of India， the population of NCT of Delhi is 16，753，235. The corresponding population density was 11，297 persons per km2 with a sex ratio of 866 women per 1000 men， and a literacy rate of 86.34%. In 2004， the birth rate， death rate and infant mortality rate per 1000 population were 20.03， 5.59 and 13.08， respectively. In 2001， the population of Delhi increased by 285，000 as a result of migration and by 215，000 as a result of natural population growth， which made Delhi one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. Dwarka Sub City， Asia’s largest planned residential area， is located within the National Capital Territory of Delhi. Urban expansion has resulted in Delhi’s urban area now being considered as extending beyond the NCT boundaries to incorporate the towns and cities of neighbouring states including Faridabad and Gurgaon of Haryana， and Ghaziabad and Noida of Uttar Pradesh， the total population of which is estimated by the United Nations at over 28 million. According to the UN this makes Delhi urban area the world’s second-largest， after Tokyo， although Demographia declares the Jakarta urban area to be the second-largest. The 2011 census provided two figures for urban area population: 16，314，838 within the NCT boundary， and 21，753，486 for the Extended Urban Area. The 2021 regional plan released by the Government of India renamed the Extended Urban Area from Delhi Metropolitan Area (DMA) as defined by the 2001 plan to Central National Capital Region (CNCR). Around 49% of the population of Delhi lives in slums and unauthorized colonies without any civic amenities. The majority of the slums have inadequate provisions to the basic facilities and according to a DUSIB report， almost 22% of the people do open defecation.
Major social groups of Delhi include Brahmins， Gujjars， Jats， Vaishyas， Khatris， Rajputs， Ahirs， Punjabis， Purvanchalis， Bengalis， Uttarakhandis， Muslims， Sikhs， etc. Religion
  Birla Mandir， Delhi， a Hindu temple， was inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi in 1933

  The Jama Masjid was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan between 1650 and 1656

  The prayer hall of Sikh Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Chandni Chowk， Old Delhi which dates to 1783
Religion in NCT of Delhi （2011)
  
Hinduism (81.68%)
  
Islam (12.86%)
  
Sikhism (3.40%)
  
Jainism (0.99%)
  Christianity (0.87%)
  
Buddhism (0.11%)
  Other or Not stated (0.09%)
Hinduism is Delhi’s predominant religious faith， with 81.68% of Delhi’s population， followed by Islam (12.86%)， Sikhism (3.40%)， Jainism (0.99%)， Christianity (0.87%)， and Buddhism (0.11%). Other minority religions include Zoroastrianism， Baháʼísm and Judaism. Languages Languages in Delhi （2011)
  
Hindi (81.26%)
  
Punjabi (5.2%)
  
Urdu (5.17%)
  
Bhojpuri (1.35%)
  
Bengali (1.28%)
  Others (5.74%)
According to the 50th report of the commissioner for linguistic minorities in India， which was submitted in 2014， Hindi is Delhi’s most spoken language， with 80.94% speakers， followed by Punjabi (7.14%)， Urdu (6.31%) and Bengali (1.50%). 4.11% of the Delhites speak other languages. Hindi is also the official language of Delhi while Urdu and Punjabi have been declared as additional official languages.
According to the Directorate of Education， GNCTD the following languages are taught in schools in Delhi under the three-language formula:First Language Hindi Urdu English Second Language English Third language
UrduPunjabi Bengali Sindhi Tamil Telugu Malayalam KannadaGujarati Marathi Sanskrit Persian Arabic Culture
See also:
Culture of India

  Traditional pottery on display in Dilli Haat
  The Pragati Maidan in Delhi hosts the
World Book Fair biennially
Delhi’s culture has been influenced by its lengthy history and historic association as the capital of India. Although a strong Punjabi Influence can be seen in language， Dress and Cuisine brought by the large number of refugees who came following the partition in 1947 the recent migration from other parts of India has made it a melting pot. This is exemplified by many significant monuments in the city. The Archaeological Survey of India recognises 1，200 heritage buildings and 175 monuments as national heritage sites.
In the Old City， the Mughals and the Turkic rulers constructed several architecturally significant buildings， such as the Jama Masjid—India’s largest mosque built in 1656 and the Red Fort. Three World Heritage Sites—the Red Fort， Qutub Minar and Humayun’s Tomb—are located in Delhi. Other monuments include the India Gate， the Jantar Mantar—an 18th-century astronomical observatory—and the Purana Qila—a 16th-century fortress. The Laxminarayan Temple， Akshardham temple， Gurudwara Bangla Sahib， the Baháʼí Faith’s Lotus Temple and the ISKCON temple are examples of modern architecture. Raj Ghat and associated memorials houses memorials of Mahatma Gandhi and other notable personalities. New Delhi houses several government buildings and official residences reminiscent of British colonial architecture， including the Rashtrapati Bhavan， the Secretariat， Rajpath， the Parliament of India and Vijay Chowk. Safdarjung’s Tomb is an example of the Mughal gardens style. Some regal havelis (palatial residences) are in the Old City. Lotus Temple is a Baháʼí House of Worship completed in 1986. Notable for its flowerlike shape， it serves as the Mother Temple of the Indian subcontinent and has become a prominent attraction in the city. The National Museum and National Gallery of Modern Art are some of the largest museums in the country. Other museums in Delhi include the National Museum of Natural History， National Rail Museum and National Philatelic Museum.
Chandni Chowk， a 17th-century market， is one of the most popular shopping areas in Delhi for jewellery and Zari saris. Delhi’s arts and crafts include， Zardozi—an embroidery done with gold thread— and Meenakari—the art of enamelling. Festivals
  More than a quarter of the immigrants in Delhi are from
Bihar and neighboring states.
Chhath， a festival of rural Bihar is now popular in Delhi.

  On Basant Panchmi eve，
qawwali singers wearing yellow headbands gather at thedargah of Sufi saint
Nizamuddin Auliya to sing verses from
Amir Khusrau.
Delhi’s association and geographic proximity to the capital， New Delhi， has amplified the importance of national events and holidays like Republic Day， Independence Day (15 August) and Gandhi Jayanti. On Independence Day， the Prime Minister addresses the nation from the Red Fort. The Republic Day Parade is a large cultural and military parade showcasing India’s cultural diversity and military strength. Over the centuries， Delhi has become known for its composite culture， and a festival that symbolises this is the Phool Walon Ki Sair， which takes place in September. Flowers and pankhe—fans embroidered with flowers—are offered to the shrine of the 13th-century Sufi saint Khwaja Bakhtiyar Kaki and the Yogmaya Temple， both situated in Mehrauli.
Religious festivals include Diwali (the festival of lights)， Mahavir Jayanti， Guru Nanak’s Birthday， Raksha Bandhan， Durga Puja， Holi， Lohri， Chauth， Krishna Janmastami， Maha Shivratri， Eid ul-Fitr， Moharram and Buddha Jayanti. The Qutub Festival is a cultural event during which performances of musicians and dancers from all over India are showcased at night， with the Qutub Minar as a backdrop. Other events such as Kite Flying Festival， International Mango Festival and Vasant Panchami (the Spring Festival) are held every year in Delhi. The Auto Expo， Asia’s largest auto show， is held in Delhi biennially. The New Delhi World Book Fair， held biennially at the Pragati Maidan， is the second-largest exhibition of books in the world. Delhi is often regarded as the “”Book Capital”” of India because of high readership. India International Trade Fair (IITF)， organised by ITPO is the biggest cultural and shopping fair of Delhi which takes place in November each year and is visited by more than 1.5 million people. Cuisine Main article: Indian cuisine
  The kitchen of
Karim’s， Old Delhi， a historic
restaurant located near Jama Masjid. Established in 1913， the restaurant has been described as “”arguably the city’s most famous culinary destination””.
As India’s national capital and centuries old Mughal capital， Delhi influenced the food habits of its residents and is where Mughlai cuisine originated. Along with Indian cuisine， a variety of international cuisines are popular among the residents. The dearth of food habits among the city’s residents created a unique style of cooking which became popular throughout the world， with dishes such as Kebab， biryani， tandoori. The city’s classic dishes include butter chicken， dal makhani， shahi paneer， aloo chaat， chaat， dahi bhalla， kachori， gol gappe， samosa， chole bhature， chole kulche， gulab jamun， jalebi and lassi.: 40–50， 189–196 
The fast living habits of Delhi’s people has motivated the growth of street food outlets.: 41  A trend of dining at local dhabas is popular among the residents. High-profile restaurants have gained popularity in recent years， among the popular restaurants are the Karim Hotel， the Punjab Grill and Bukhara. The Gali Paranthe Wali (the street of fried bread) is a street in Chandni Chowk particularly for food eateries since the 1870s. Almost the entire street is occupied by fast food stalls or street vendors. It has nearly become a tradition that almost every prime minister of India has visited the street to eat paratha at least once. Other Indian cuisines are also available in this area even though the street specialises in north Indian food.: 40–50  Education Main articles:
Education in Delhi and
List of schools in Delhi

  The Lady Hardinge Medical College， the pharmacy of which is shown here in 1921， is the city’s oldest women’s medical college.

  The Indraprastha College for Women， established in 1924 is the city’s oldest women’s college for the arts and sciences.

  Jamia Millia Islamia university was established in 1920 by
M. A. Ansari and
Zakir Hussain both major figures in the
Indian Independence movement.

  University of Delhi was founded in 1922. Sir
Maurice Gwyer served as its first
vice-chancellor.

  The dormitory of the
Anglo Arabic Senior Secondary School， founded as a religious institution in 1696 and reorganized in 1828 during
East India Company rule as a secular school.

  A Delhi government school student writing down the names of fruits and vegetables.
Private schools in Delhi—which use either English or Hindi as the language of instruction—are affiliated to one of three administering bodies， the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE)， the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE) or the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS). In 2004–05， approximately 1，529，000 students were enrolled in primary schools， 822，000 in middle schools and 669，000 in secondary schools across Delhi. Female students represented 49% of the total enrolment. The same year， the Delhi government spent between 1.58% and 1.95% of its gross state domestic product on education.
Schools and higher educational institutions in Delhi are administered either by the Directorate of Education， the NCT government or private organisations. In 2006， Delhi had 165 colleges， five medical colleges and eight engineering colleges， seven major universities and nine deemed universities.
The premier management colleges of Delhi such as Faculty of Management Studies (Delhi) and Indian Institute of Foreign Trade rank the best in India. All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi is a premier medical school for treatment and research. National Law University， Delhi is a prominent law school and is affiliated with the Bar Council of India. The Indian Institute of Technology， Delhi situated in Hauz Khas is a premier engineering college of India and ranks as one of the top institutes in South Asia.
Delhi Technological University (formerly Delhi College of Engineering)， Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women (formerly Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology)， Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology， Netaji Subhas University of Technology (formerly Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology)， Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and National Law University， Delhi are the only state universities. University of Delhi， Jawaharlal Nehru University and Jamia Millia Islamia are the central universities， and Indira Gandhi National Open University is for distance education. As of 2008， about 16% of all Delhi residents possessed at least a college graduate degree. Media See also:
Media of India

  Pitampura TV Tower broadcasts programming to Delhi
As the capital of India， Delhi is the focus of political reportage， including regular television broadcasts of Parliament sessions. Many national media agencies， including the state-owned Press Trust of India， Media Trust of India and Doordarshan， are based in the city. Television programming includes two free terrestrial television channels offered by Doordarshan， and several Hindi， English， and regional-language cable channels offered by multi system operators. Satellite television has yet to gain a large number of subscribers in the city.
Print journalism remains a popular news medium in Delhi. The city’s Hindi newspapers include Navbharat Times， Hindustan Dainik， Punjab Kesari， Pavitra Bharat， Dainik Jagran， Dainik Bhaskar， Amar Ujala and Dainik Desbandhu. Amongst the English language newspapers， the Hindustan Times， with a daily circulation of over a million copies， is the single largest daily. Other major English newspapers include The Times of India， The Hindu， Indian Express， Business Standard， The Pioneer， The Statesman， and The Asian Age. Regional language newspapers include the Malayalam daily Malayala Manorama and the Tamil dailies Dinamalar and Dinakaran.
Radio is a less popular mass medium in Delhi， although FM radio has gained popularity since the inauguration of several new stations in 2006. A number of state-owned and private radio stations broadcast from Delhi. Sports Main articles:
Sports in Delhi，
1951 Asian Games，
1982 Asian Games， and
2010 Commonwealth Games
Delhi has hosted many major international sporting events:
1951 Asian Games (Inaugural)
1982 Asian Games
1989 Asian Athletics Championships
2010 Hockey World Cup
2010 Commonwealth Games
2011 Cricket World Cup

  Indian athletes marching into the
National Stadium during the opening ceremony of the
1951 Asian Games.
Delhi hosted the first Asian Games in 1951 from 4 to 11 March. A total of 489 athletes representing 11 Asian National Olympic Committees participated in 57 events from eight sports and discipline. The Games was the successor of the Far Eastern Games and the revival of the Western Asiatic Games. On 13 February 1949， the Asian Games Federation was formally established in Delhi， with Delhi unanimously announced as the first host city of the Asian Games. National Stadium was the venue for all events. Over 40，000 spectators watched the opening ceremony of the Games in National Stadium.
Delhi hosted the ninth Asian Games for the second time in 1982 from 19 November to 4 December. This was the second time the city has hosted the Asian Games and was also the first Asian Games to be held under the aegis of the Olympic Council of Asia. A total of 3，411 athletes from 33 National Olympic Committees participated in these games， competing in 196 events in 21 sports and 23 disciplines. The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium， which has a capacity of 60，000 people， was built purposely for the event and hosted its opening ceremony.

  The 2010 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony in
Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium.
Delhi hosted the Nineteenth Commonwealth Games in 2010， which ran from 3 to 14 October and was the largest sporting event held in India. The opening ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium， the main stadium of the event， in New Delhi at 7:00 pm Indian Standard Time on 3 October 2010. The ceremony featured over 8，000 performers and lasted for two and a half hours. It is estimated that ₹3.5 billion (US$44 million) were spent to produce the ceremony. Events took place at 12 competition venues. 20 training venues were used in the Games， including seven venues within Delhi University. The rugby stadium in Delhi University North Campus hosted rugby games for Commonwealth Games.

  Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium.
Cricket and football are the most popular sports in Delhi. There are several cricket grounds， or maidans， located across the city. The Arun Jaitley Stadium (known commonly as the Kotla) is one of the oldest cricket grounds in India and is a venue for international cricket matches. It is the home ground of the Delhi cricket team， which represents the city in the Ranji Trophy， the premier Indian domestic first-class cricket championship. The Delhi cricket team has produced several world-class international cricketers such as Virender Sehwag， Virat Kohli， Gautam Gambhir， Madan Lal， Chetan Chauhan， Shikhar Dhawan， Ishant Sharma， Manoj Prabhakar and Bishan Singh Bedi to name a few. The Railways and Services cricket teams in the Ranji Trophy also play their home matches in Delhi， in the Karnail Singh Stadium and the Harbax Singh Stadium， respectively. The city is also home to the Indian Premier League team Delhi Capitals， who play their home matches at the Kotla.
Ambedkar Stadium， a football stadium in Delhi which holds 21，000 people， was the venue for the Indian football team’s World Cup qualifier against UAE on 28 July 2012. Delhi hosted the Nehru Cup in 2007 and 2009， in both of which India defeated Syria 1–0. In the Elite Football League of India， Delhi’s first professional American football franchise， the Delhi Defenders played its first season in Pune. Buddh International Circuit in Greater Noida， a suburb of Delhi， formerly hosted the Formula 1 Indian Grand Prix. See also Delhi metropolitan area
List of people from Delhi
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Dalrymple， W （2003). City of Djinns (1 ed.). Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-200100-4.
Dalrymple， W （2003). Vidhya Society， （2009). Vidhya Society (NGO) is a leading charitable organization of Uttar Pradesh (India) established under society registration act 21-1860 on the special occasion of World Disable Year 2009. Director Mr. Pavan Upadhyay www.vidhyasociety.com (1 ed.). Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-200100-4.
Prager， D （2013). Delirious Delhi (1 ed.). Arcade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61145-832-9.
Brown， L （2011). Lonely Planet Rajasthan， Delhi & Agra (5 ed.). Lonely Planet Publications. ISBN 978-1-74179-460-1.
Rowe， P; Coster， P （2004). Delhi (Great Cities of the World). World Almanac Library. ISBN 978-0-8368-5197-7.
Four-part series on Delhi (2 June 2012). “”Metrocity Journal: Delhi’s Changing Landscape””. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2017. External links Delhi at Wikipedia’s sister projects
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