ガイ・タフ – 日本語百科事典辞書

Ng%C4%81i_Tahu

この項目では、ニュージーランド南部のマオリイウィについて説明しています。その他の用法については「ナイタフ」をご覧
Ngāi Tahu、またはKāi Tahuは、南島の主要なマオリイウィ(部族) です。そのタキワ(部族地域) はニュージーランドで最大で、北はホワイトブラフス / テパリヌイオフィティ (ブレナムの南東)、マハンガ山、カフランギポイントから南はスチュワート島 / ラキウラまで広がっています。タキワは、伝統的な集落に対応する18のルーナンガ(統治区域) で構成されています。
ガイ・タフ
マオリドムのイウィ(部族)
伝統的なローエ
ローエ (地域)
南島
和歌（カヌー）
タキティム
人口
54，819
Webサイト
ngaitahu.iwi.nz _ _
Ngāi Tahu は、Ngāti PorouとNgāti Kahungunuとともに、北島のギズボーン地区で生まれました。時間が経つにつれて、Ngāti Porou を除くすべての人が地区から移動します。ガイ・タフが到着する前に、いくつかのイウィがすでに南島を占領しており、カティ・マモエはヘイスティングス地区から約1世紀前に到着し、ワイタハをすでに征服していました。その他Ngāi Tahu が南島を移動中に遭遇したのは、Ngāi Tara、Rangitāne、Ngāti Tūmatakōkōkōkiri、およびNgāti Wairangi でした。これらはすべて、さまざまな時期に北島から移動したものです。19 世紀には、何十万人ものヨーロッパ人(主にイギリス人)がニュージーランドに移住しました。ヨーロッパ人の到着後、ンガティ・トア（ンガティ・タマと同盟を結んだ）とナティ・ラルアは、マスケット銃でナイ・タフの領土に侵入した。一部のヨーロッパ人入植者はネイティブのイウィと混ざり合った人口、そして今日、Ngāi Tahu の子孫のほとんどの家族は、Ngāti Māmoe と英国の祖先も持っています。
Ngāi Tahuは「タフの人々」と訳され、祖先のタフポティキの名前を参照しています。Ngāi Tahu が吸収した他のイウィと並んで、Ngāti Kurī、Ngāti Irakehu、Kāti Huirapa、Ngāi Tūāhuriri、および Ngāi Te Ruakihikihi の5 つの主要なハプー(下位部族) が Ngāi Tahu に存在します。Ngāi Tūāhuriri と Ngāti Kurī の支部である Kāi Te Rakiāmoa は、主要な酋長の子孫となった最新のハプーの 1 つでした。
コンテンツ
1 歴史
1.1 伝統的な起源 1.2 16世紀 1.3 17世紀
1.3.1 ウェリントンへの移住
1.3.2 南島への移住
1.4 18世紀 1.5 19世紀
1.5.1 カイファンガの確執
1.5.2 ガティ・トアとの戦争
1.5.3 ワイタンギ条約
1.6 20世紀
1.6.1 南極接続
1.6.2 世界大戦時代
1.6.3 Ngāi Tahu 請求和解法 1998
1.7 21世紀
1.7.1 南島の川の主張
2 方言
3 ガバナンス
4 ルナンガとマラエ
4.1 カンタベリールナンガ 4.2 オタゴルナンガ 4.3 西海岸ルナンガ 4.4 サウスランドルナンガ
5 商社
5.1 観光 5.2 第一次産業 5.3 不動産およびその他の投資 5.4 タフFM
6 著名なガイ・タフ
7 参考文献
8 外部リンク

歴史

伝統的な起源
は、検証のための追加の引用が必要です。
Ngāi Tahu は、Tahupōtiki (Te Tuhi-māreikura-ooho-a-tama-wahine とも呼ばれる) と Porourangiの弟である Tahumatua )から伝統的な子孫をたどります。兄弟は、孫、ひ孫、またはひ孫としてパイケアの子孫であると言われています。いずれにせよ、パイケア自身は常にウエヌク首長の息子である。一部のグループは、兄弟をウエヌクのもう一人の息子ルアタプのひ孫として、またパイケアと一緒に追跡することさえできます。
いずれにせよ、タフポティキは西暦1450年頃にファンガラー（パイケアに関連する場所）で生まれました。彼はタキティムワカ(カヌー) の指揮を与えられ、それを南島に降ろし、西海岸のアラフラ川、またはマナポウリ近くのワイアウ川に着陸しました。彼はしばらくそこに滞在した後、兄の死を知って新しいカヌーでファンガラーに戻りました。古代の議定書によると、彼はポロランギの悲しみに暮れる妻ハモテランギを自分のものとし、それによって少なくとも 4 人の息子をもうけました。タフムリハペ、カリモエ。彼の他の息子は、イラマナワピコ、ラカロア、ラカフルマヌ、トゥロト、タフティオロ、ルアヌクであると言う人もいます。

ギズボーンの北、北島の海岸。ンガイ・タフはギズボーン地区発祥
タフポティキ、イラ・ア・タフ、イラロア、タフムリ・ハペはトゥランガに向かって南下し、ファレラータ山脈の北端にあるマラエタハに定住した。代わりに、カリモエは北に移動し、 Ūawanui-a-Ruamatua の内側にある Mangaheia ストリームのほとりに定住しました。家族は後にイウィテアに移り、タフポティキはタウマタヒナキパーを建てました。祖先のテ・マトゥアハンガ（トゥーロトとラカロアの子孫）は、今でもその周辺地域で知られています。さらに内陸のツケモキヒブロックに沿ってさらに多くのパーが設立されました。

16世紀
周辺地域に生息するさまざまなイウィ間の緊張が高まったため、多くのグループがギズボーン地区のワレンガアヒカから移住し始めました。緊張の最も初期の注目すべき例の1つは、カフングヌの孫であるラーカイヒクロアが嫉妬から自分の双子の兄弟を殺し、自分の息子トゥプルプルが復讐で殺された後に追放された場所でした.
おそらくもっと注目すべき例は、ラカイヒクロアのもう一人の息子ラカイパアカが、彼をパーに招待し、準備されたごちそうを彼のクリ（犬）カウエレフアヌイに与えた地元の酋長トゥテコヒに侮辱されたときです。訪問者はその時何の反応も示さなかった. この行動は、タクタイオトランギパーとその同盟国との戦争につながりました。
同様の交戦がンガイ・タフとの間で発生し、チーフ・ラカワハクラ (イラ・ア・タフのひ孫)、ワイティリポト、ファカルル・ア・ヌクが関与した。この饗宴の魚や鳥は、実際には倉庫で調理されているような印象を与えるように設計された木の塊でした。このため、後の戦いはテ・ファタロアとして知られるようになりました。子供たちはゲームを始め、大人たちを気晴らしに参加するように誘いましたが、ホストは攻撃を開始し、訪問者の犬を殺しました. Tūtekohi は最終的に勝利したため、Ngāi Tahu は北島のさらに下に移動することを余儀なくされました。ラカワハクラは後にワイカトの近くで殺害された。

17世紀

ウェリントンへの移住
イウィはギズボーンから海岸を下ってヘレタウンガに移動しました。Rakawahakura の先輩の孫娘である祖先 Tūhaitara は、Ngāti Māmoe またはTe Kāhea の夫である Markore 酋長と彼の祖先を侮辱し、他のさまざまなやり取りが 2 つのiwi間の戦争の原因となっています。 . Tūhaitara 自身も Ngāti Māmoe の遺産をいくらか持っていたが、彼は彼女の地位より下と見なされた地元の人であった。このペアには、タマラエロア、ウィラパ、タフマター、パヒルア、ヒネホウを含む、合計 11 人の子供がいました。 Huirapa は、Kāti Huirapa の子孫です。
ラーカワハクラを通じてトゥーハイタラのいとこであるクリもこの頃に住んでいました。Tūhaitara が Ngāi Tahu の先輩の祖先であり、彼女にちなんで名付けられた Ngāi Tūhaitara という名前のハプーを持っていたように、Kurī は著名な Kāti Kurī hapūの祖先でも
トゥハイタラはタマラエロアとウィラパに、パパヌイという場所でマルコレを殺すように指示した。しかし、マルコレは彼らの計画を知っており、フケテの戦いで彼らを打ち負かした後、妹のヒネホウは孫が見ることができるように家の床にそれらを置き、彼女の持ち物を彼らと一緒に残した後、建物を焼き払った.この事件は現在、Kārara Kōpae (「戦闘長の敷設」) として知られています。あるいは、マルコレ自身が葬式の薪で彼らの体を燃やした. タマラエロアの妻も殺害されたが、テ・アオフラキという名の息子が残された。ウイラパの息子マライナカも戦いを生き延びた。
次に、パヒルアとタフマターの兄弟がマルコレを倒そうとした。彼らがラカイモアリという地元の首長からアドバイスを受けようとしていたとき、彼の娘のヒネワイ・ア・タプは、数日間続いたテ・パキアカの戦い（「ルーツ」）の火付け役となったタフマターについて発言しました。タフマターが木の根の下に隠れていたヒネワイ・ア・タプを捕まえ、彼女を妻にしたことから、その名前が付けられました。
最終的に、ナティ・マモエの首長ヒカオロアは、マルコレの一行を捕虜に閉じ込めることに成功した。ヒカオロアは、「ロングプルームの長」がドアに来て共食いされるように頼んだ. マルコレのいとこのロコパエカワは、マルコレの頭飾り（彼の地位のしるし）を取り、代わりに犠牲にされた. しかし、彼は適切に料理をせず、頭飾りの羽毛がまだ汚れの中に見えていました. これは悪い前兆と見なされたため、ピキトゥロア（「長年の羽毛」）と呼ばれる事件で遺体は廃棄されました。
マルコレとトゥハイタラは、状況全体に非常に腹を立てていた息子のパヒルアの手によって、タパパヌイの戦いで死亡した。一連の戦いの 1 つの話では、Hinehou と Pahirua は一緒にKārara Kōpae を建設し、そこで殺されたすべての死体を燃やしました。戦争中の両親の残りの子供たちは、ヒネホウがすでに住んでいたワイララパのテ・オレオレフアと呼ばれる場所に移動し、数世代以内に南のテ・ファンガヌイ・ア・タラに移動する.

南島への移住

ウェリントン港の眺め。南島に移住する前、ナイタフはこの地域に住んでいました。
ウェリントンでは、上級酋長のテ・アオヒクラキが、夫のトゥマロが家族を訪ねている間、ラカイテクラ（ンガイ・タフの高位の女性）と一緒に寝ていました。このテ・ヒクタワタワ（後にトゥアフリリと名付けられた）は、ナイ・トゥアフリリの祖先であり、非嫡出子として生まれた。ラーカイテククラの高位のおかげで、トゥーマロは彼女を殺すことができなかったので、代わりにテ・アオヒクラキとの結婚の準備をしました。彼女が髪を結った小川はコウクララタと呼ばれていました。トゥマロは家族を集め、クック海峡を渡ってネルソン近くのワイメアに向けて出発し、ラカイテクラとテヒクタワタワを後にした。
テ・ヒクタワタワは、子供の頃から好奇心が燃えていて、他の子供たちが私生児であることをからかっていたとき、継父を探してカイワカワルを離れました。ワイメアに到着したとき、トゥマロの父カフクラテパクは、彼が誰であるかを知らず、彼を共食いするつもりでしたが、後に地元の子供たちがテヒクタワタワが彼の起源についてつぶやくのを聞いたとき、食事の準備を止めました。その後、カフクラテパクはテ・ヒクタワタワに窓から登ってタプの裂け目を取り除くように頼み、そこで彼とツマロは両手を広げて彼に挨拶した. ヒクタワタワの手は、カフクラテパクによってマナが汚されたことにまだ憤慨していたので、後で戻ってサイトを破壊し、そこに住むすべての人を殺しました. この後、彼はトゥアフリリ(tūāhuは「聖なる祭壇」を意味し、 ririは「怒る」を意味します）。
17 世紀後半、イウィはンガーティクリ族長のプラホヌイの指導の下、南島の北部に移住し始め、息子のマコーハキリキリとマルカイタテアと共に、トーリー海峡にカイヒヌパーを設立しました/ クラテアウ. Ngāi Tahu tauaが Ngāi Taraの祖先の 1 人の骨を冒涜した事件の後、Pūrahonui はある朝早く、用を足しに行ったときに復讐のために殺害されました。これは 2 つのiwiの間で一連の戦いに発展しました。
北島では、著名な部族のメンバーであるヒカオロアが、テ・マタキ・カイポインガ・パーをトゥアフリリに侮辱された後、攻撃した。トゥテカワ（トゥアフリリの義理の兄弟で、ンガーティカフングヌ、ンガーティポロウ、ンガーティマモエの関係者）は、若い親戚がヒカオロアからの侮辱を認めた後、別の角度から攻撃するために部下を撤退させました。彼はトゥアフリリに逃げるように警告するために同じ親戚を送り、近くの茂みに逃げました。理由は不明ですが、トゥテカワがパーに入ったとき、彼はトゥアーフリリの妻であるヒネカイタキとトゥアラファティ (ファククの姉妹) を殺しました。戦いの後、ツテカワはエルズミア湖/テ・ワイホラの湖畔にあるワイカカヒに逃げ込み、そこで仲間のナティ・マモエと一緒に暮らしました。トゥテカワ自身の妻トゥコレロは、トゥアーフリリのもう一人の妻ヒネテワイ（ハムア、トゥラカウタヒ、モキの母）の姉妹でした。彼はまた、Ngāti Kurī 族長 Te Rakiwhakaputa と Ngāti Māmoe 族長 Tukiauau の最初のいとこでもありました。
Ngāti Kurī がRangitāneと戦ったある時、酋長 Tūteurutira は捕虜の 1 人である Hinerongo を敵の女性の 1 人と間違えました。彼女は実際にはすでにランギタンに捕らえられていたナティ・マモエのメンバーだったので、彼は彼女をワイアウ・トア近くのマタリキ・パーに戻しました。これは彼らの間の新しい同盟を打ちました、その後、ワイラウ渓谷のランギタンへの攻撃に成功した。このため、ンガティ・マモエはワイアウ・トアの北にある東海岸地域をナイ・タフに割譲し、トゥテウルティラとヒネロンゴは結婚してパーに定住した。
オポキヒの戦いでナガティ・マモエとの戦いで、マルカイタテアは兄弟のマコ・ハ・キリキリとカフプニに救出された. コンウェイ地区近くのパリファカタウパーで、トゥキアウアウが忍び込んでマナワを殺したとき、マコハキリキリはマナワイワホの妻である姉妹のテアパイとトケラウと一緒にいました。守護神テ・ヒネムタヒの加護により、前三人は助かった。しかし、彼らは彼女の足を通してパーを離れることを余儀なくされました（彼女は空中に吊るされた木製の人物または彫刻であったでしょう）.

駅から北を見たカイコウラの海岸。Ngāti Kurī は、この地域の地元のハプーです。
1690年代までに、ンガイ・タフはカンタベリーに定住し、その中にはナティ・クリが東海岸を征服してカイコウラまで下り、ンガティ・イラケフがバンクス半島のナティ・マモエに平和的に定住した. その時点までに2 つのイーウィの間で戦われた最後の戦いは、Ngāti Kurīがタカハンガパーを奪取する前の Waipapa の戦いでした。マルカイタテアはここにとどまることを選びましたが、他の酋長は南への攻撃を続けました。この頃、有木トゥテフカは部族の最後のメンバーをクック海峡経由で南島に移動させていました。より安全な航行のために 2 隻のカヌーをつなぎ合わせるようにとのテ・アウェアウェ酋長の忠告を無視した結果、トゥアフリリはウェリントンを離れようとしてトゥマロと共に溺死したと言われています。トゥアフリリの長男ハムアも溺死した可能性が非常に高く、さもなければ彼は若くしてカイコウラで亡くなった可能性がある。

18世紀
カイコウラまで支配を確立した後、ガイ・タフの主要な酋長の多くは、さらに南の島に拡大する準備ができていました。トゥアフリリの別の息子であるモキは、カイアプとタマキノ（モキの妻であるマレワの兄弟）から、父の妻の殺人者であるトゥテカワがさらに南のテワイホラに住んでいるという報告を受けていました。彼はカヌーのマカフィウで出発し、パラカカリキを含むさまざまな小さな村を攻撃しました。で出発し、オタネリトのパラカカリキパーした。トゥテカワは最終的にモキではなくファククに殺され、姉妹の死を報復した. トゥテカワの息子テ・ラキタマウが家に戻ったところ、妻のプナヒコイアと子供たちが無傷で、攻撃者は火のそばで寝ていた。テ・ラキタマウはツテカワの仇を討たなかったが、代わりに彼が攻撃者の命を救ったという兆候を残し、最終的に彼らの子孫の間に平和が回復した.
酋長のテ・ラキワカプタは、ファカラポの地域を主張し、ビーチをラパキ・オ・テ・ラキワカプタと名付けました。彼はタイタプの丘を越えたマヌカでンガティ・マモエのパーを破壊し、その前にカム川/ルアタニファのテ・パオ・テ・ラキワカプタにもしばらく住んでいました。彼の息子マヌヒリはナティ・マモエをオヒネタヒから追い出し、そこに基地を設置し、もう一人の息子テ・ウェケはエイボン川/オタカロの河口に自分の基地を設置した。マコハキリキリにはリトルリバーとワイレワが与えられた、およびマナワイワホとテ・アパイの息子であるンガイ・テ・ルアキヒキヒの祖先であるカティ・クリのテ・ルアヒキヒキには、カイトレテとテ・ワイホラが与えられました。ホイカイ酋長もコウクララタ（ウェリントンの小川にちなんで名付けられた）に定住し、息子のタウタヒはオタウタヒ（現在のクライストチャーチの場所）を占領しました。トゥアフリリの次男トゥラカウタヒは内反足で生まれたナイトゥハイタラの有名な酋長で、テコハカアカイカイアワロパー(現在のカイアポイパー) をウッドエンド近くのテルツラグーンに設立し、バンクス半島周辺の地域を領有権を主張しました。 .

アオラキ / マウントクック、彼の兄弟の中で最も高い山。アオラキは、ガイ・タフ神話で凍りついて石になった神の先祖でした。南島の最初に知られている名前は、テワカオアオラキで、彼の話に関連しています。
With the discovery of Nōti Raureka (Browning Pass) by its namesake Raureka， of the West Coast iwi Ngāti Wairangi， Ngāi Tūhaitara quickly developed an interest in Te Tai Poutini for the pounamu that can be found there. It is said to have been Tūrakautahi’s decision to learn the genealogies and traditions of Ngāti Wairangi and Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri， the former of which already shared a common ancestry with Ngāi Tahu through the ancestors Tura and Paikea， and the latter being of the Kurahaupō waka like Ngāti Māmoe， Ngāi Tara， and Rangitāne. A similar approach was also taken to learn Waitaha’s genealogies and stories. Myths that Ngāi Tahu brought to the South Island themselves include those of the Takitimu Mountains (being the Tākitimu waka) and the Āraiteuru.
Tūrakautahi and one Te-ake narrowly escaped slaughter in Ngāti Wairangi territory after others had been slain for breaking sacred customs. Tūrakautahi’s brother Tānetiki， and two relatives Tūtaemaro and Tūtepiriraki， had not been so fortunate however. The brothers’ uncle Hikatūtae chopped off their heads and returned to the rest of the family at Kaikōura. Makō-ha-kirikiri of Wairewa and Moki both avenged the deaths near where the bodies were found in the water， on the shores of Lake Mahinapua in the battle called Tāwiri-o-Te Makō. Moki was later cursed by two tohunga， Iriraki and Tautini， for insulting two women. He is said to be buried at Kaitukutuku， near the Waikūkūフラックスミル。戦いの後、マコハキリキリはリトルリバーにオヒリパーを設立した. トゥラカウタヒはさらに、ナティワイランギを克服するためにテラキタマウの援助を求め、カニエレ湖近くで彼らのランガティラテウエカヌカを殺害した。
Tūrakautahi’s son Kaweriri with his father-in-law Te Ruahikihiki had settled Taumutu at the southern end of Te Waihora. Kaweriri later travelled with a taua south to Lowther where he was slain by the Kāti Māmoe chief Tutemakohu around the year 1725 during the Battle of Waitaramea. Tūrakautahi’s other son by his wife Te Aowharepapa， Rakiāmoa， would continue the main lines of descent of Ngāi Tahu. Te Ruahikihiki’s own son Taoka， by his wife Te Aotaurewa， would push further south to Ōtākou， where he engaged in some of the final battles with Ngāti Māmoe.
Over time， marriages were arranged between Ngāi Tahu and Ngāti Māmoe to cement peace. Notably of Raki-ihia (Ngāti Māmoe) and Hinehākiri， the cousin of Ngāi Tahu’s leading chief Te-hau-tapunui-o-Tū， and of Honekai， son of Te-hau-tapunui-o-Tū， with Raki-ihia’s daughter Kohuwai. Despite this， occasional skirmishes still continued.
Tūhuru Kokare， a grandson of Tūrakautahi’s son Waewae (thus chief of Ngāti Waewae)， became an active member in the battles against Ngāti Wairangi around the turn of the century. He first defeated them at Lake Brunner， and then began a campaign that moved down from the Karamea district， fighting battles at Whanganui Inlet， Kawatiri， Māwhera， Taramakau， Arahura， Hokitika， Okarito， and finally at Makawhio， with the final defeat occurring in Te Paparoa ranges. After their victory， Tūhuru’s party discussed at Rūnanga whether they should return home or stay in the area. A decision was not reached， so they discussed the matter again near Kaiata and Omotumotu after crossing Māwheranui， and made the decision to construct a pā at Māwhera. They became known as the Poutini Ngāi Tahu. 19th centuryEdit Kaihuānga feudEdit
The Kaihuānga feud of the 1820s heavily involved the upoko ariki (paramount chief) Tamaiharanui， whose status was so spiritually superior within the iwi that people of lower ranking would avert their gaze and avoid looking at him directly. If his shadow fell upon food， that food became tapu and had to be destroyed. The Kaihuānga feud is an historical instance that highlights the importance of the ariki’s spiritual status， and the importance of tapu. The feud sparked when a woman from the Waikakahi pā at Wairewa named Murihaka wore a dogskin cloak which belonged to Tamaiharanui， thus causing an insult to him. His followers then killed Rerewaka， a slave of one of Murihaka’s relatives. The relatives then responded by killing another chief， Hape.
Hape’s wife was a sister to two chiefs from the Taumutu pā at southern Lake Ellesmere / Te Waihora. The people of Taumutu responded to Hape’s death by attacking Waikakahi， and killing several people. Tamaiharanui led a taua against Taumutu， and sacking it. The Taumutu then asked the hapū of Otago for assistance， to which Taiaroa and Te Whakataupuka led a taua， and along with warriors from Kaiapoi， all attacked Waikakahi. They found the pā empty however， as Taiaroa had warned their people that the attackers would arrive with muskets. It is thought that this was the first instance of firearms in Canterbury.
Since they had killed nobody at Waikakahi， the Kaiapoi warriors feared ridicule. They happened across the nephew of Chief Taununu， of Rīpapa Island， and killed him. In retaliation Taununu overran the Whakaepa pā， near Coalgate， killing the inhabitants. The Otago hapū attacked Waikakahi again， and although Taiaroa had again warned them， they were pursued and killed. Two of Tamaiharanui’s close kin， his sisters， were slaughtered. The Otago and Taumutu parties destroyed the Rīpapa pā before returning to Otago. Many settlements and communities along Banks Peninsula were abandoned in the series of retaliatory attacks.
Tamaiharanui then went to Otago and persuaded the Taumutu people to come back home， assuring that the war was over. He however returned first and lay in wait for the Taumutu people with muskets. According to Hakopa Te Ata-o-Tu， a member of Tamaiharanui’s party， Tamaiharanui became less enthusiastic about the attack when he realised the refugees had their own muskets. Nonetheless， he was convinced to attack， and the refugees were killed. The final act of the feud was the killing of Taununu， who was tomahawked to death along with his companion， near Ōtokitoki.
Wars with Ngāti ToaEdit
In 1827–1828 Ngāti Toa， under the leadership of Te Rauparaha and armed with muskets， successfully attacked Kāti Kurī at Kaikōura， who were already expecting the Tū-te-pākihi-rangi hapū of Ngāti Kahungunu as friendly visitors. He named the battle Niho Maaka (“”Shark’s Tooth””) after a threat from Rerewaka， a local chief. Ngāti Toa then visited Kaiapoi， ostensibly to trade. When Ngāti Toa attacked their hosts， the well-prepared Ngāi Tahu killed all the leading Ngāti Toa chiefs except Te Rauparaha who subsequently returned to his stronghold at Kapiti Island. During this time Ngati Tumatakokiri continued attacking the Poutini Ngāi Tahu from Kawatiri over land and hunting disputes， with Ngāti Rārua also attacking the Poutini Ngāi Tahu with muskets， seeking pounamu.
In November 1830 Te Rauparaha persuaded Captain John Stewart of the brig Elizabeth to carry him and his warriors in secret to Takapūneke near present-day Akaroa， where by subterfuge they captured Tamaiharanui and his wife and daughter. After destroying Takapūneke they embarked for Kapiti with their captives. Tamaiharanui strangled his daughter and threw her overboard to save her from slavery. Ngāti Toa killed the remaining captives. John Stewart， though arrested and sent to trial in Sydney as an accomplice to murder， nevertheless escaped conviction. Another captive， Hone Tīkao (Ngāi Te Kahukura， Ngāi Tūāhuriri) did survive and would later visit France.
In the summer of 1831–1832 Te Rauparaha attacked the Kaiapoi pā. After a three-month siege， a fire in the pā allowed Ngāti Toa to overcome it. Ngāti Toa then attacked Ngāi Tahu on Banks Peninsula and took the pā at Onawe. In 1832–33 Ngāi Tahu retaliated under the leadership of Tūhawaiki， Taiaroa， Karetai， and Haereroa， attacking Ngāti Toa at Lake Grassmere. Ngāi Tahu prevailed， and killed many Ngāti Toa， although Te Rauparaha again escaped.
In 1834 Chief Iwikau， brother of Te Maiharanui， led a war party into the Marlborough Sounds， though Ngāti Toa had hidden from them and could not be found. The campaign was known as Oraumoanui or Tauanui.
Fighting continued for a year or so， with Ngāi Tahu maintaining the upper hand. In 1836 Chief Te Pūoho of Ngāti Tama， allied to Ngāti Toa， led his taua from Whanganui Inlet down to the West Coast to the Haast River. From there he crossed the Haast Pass into central Otago and Southland. Tūhawaiki had by now learned of this oncoming attack， and led his own taua from Ruapuke Island to Tuturau， where he fought and killed Te Pūoho.
Ngāti Toa never again made a major incursion into Ngāi Tahu territory. By 1839 Ngāi Tahu and Ngāti Toa established peace and Te Rauparaha released the Ngāi Tahu captives he held at Kapiti. Formal marriages between the leading families in the two tribes sealed the peace.
Treaty of WaitangiEdit
Main article: Treaty of Waitangi
See also: Kemp’s Deed
In 1840 more than 500 chiefs from all over New Zealand signed the Treaty of Waitangi with representatives of the Crown. Only one sheet was used in the South Island – the Herald (Bunbury) sheet carried with Major Thomas Bunbury aboard HMS Herald which sailed from the Bay of Islands on 28 April. The Cook Strait (Henry Williams) sheet was used at Arapaoa Island and Rangitoto ki te Tonga / D’Urville Island at the northern end of the South Island， but was not signed by Ngāi Tahu.
The sheet’s first four signatures came from Coromandel Harbour one week later on 4 May， and the next two were signed aboard HMS Herald just off the Mercury Islands on 7 May. These signatures were collectively from the iwi Ngāti Whanaunga， Ngāti Pāoa， and Ngāti Maru.
The first Ngāi Tahu signatory was Chief Iwikau at Akaroa on 30 May， followed by Hone Tīkao signing as John Love. His nephew was Hone Taare Tikao.

The Blue Book: recording Ngāi Tahu kaumatua alive in 1848
The third Ngāi Tahu signatory was Chief Tūhawaiki signing as John Touwaick aboard HMS Herald at Ruapuke Island on 10 June， who requested Kaikoura (possibly Kaikōura Whakatau) to sign on the same day， who was then followed by Taiaroa (or Tararoa; possibly Te Matenga Taiaroa).
The last Ngāi Tahu signatures were from Otago Heads on 13 June. The signatories were Hone Karetai (Ngāti Ruahikihiki， Ngāi Te Kahukura， Ngāi Tūāhuriri， Ngāti Hinekura) signing as John Karitai at Ōtākou， and one Korako (Ngāi Tūāhuriri， Ngāti Huirapa) whose identity is not known for certain， but could be either Hōne Wētere Kōrako， Kōrako Karetai， or Hoani Kōrako among others.
The last signatures mostly came from members of Ngāti Toa at Te Koko-o-Kupe / Cloudy Bay (17 June) and Mana Island (19 June) – including Te Rauparaha who had already signed the Cook Strait (Henry Williams) sheet on 14 May – and from three Ngāti Kahungunu members at Hawke’s Bay on 24 June， amounting to a total of 27 signatures for the sheet.20th centuryEdit Antarctica connectionEdit
At the very end of the 19th century a Ngāi Tahu man named William Timaru Joss (1844–1895)， a Stewart Island whaler and captain of the mailboat Ulva， was a member of the first confirmed landing party of the Antarctic on the continent of Antarctica at Cape Adare， along with Captain Kristensen， Bull， Borchgrevink， and Tunzelmann in January 1895， making Joss the first known Māori to get so close to the continent. Timaru William Joss (1905–1955)， William Timaru’s grandson， joined Admiral Richard E. Byrd’s expedition to Antarctica in 1935.
World War eraEdit

Sculpture of Tipene O’Regan， rangatira， kaumatua， writer， orator， teacher， and principal negotiator of the Ngai Tahu settlement
Over 270 individuals of Ngāi Tahu connection served during World War I， including some who fought with the New Zealand (Māori) Pioneer Battalion. A handful of notable servicemen included: Turu Rakerawa Hiroti， Hoani Parata， James William Tepene， and John Charles Tamanuiarangi Tikao， all of whom held the rank of captain. One soldier born of chiefly ranking was Private Hohepa Teihoka of Kaiapoi， who was nearly 19 years old when he arrived in Dardanelles in July 1915.
George Henry West (Kāi Te Rakiāmoa) was the first pilot of Māori-descent to join the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) in 1936. During a training flight on the night of 11 May 1939， his student accidentally undershot a landing exercise. West died of his injuries the following day. John Pohe was otherwise the first full-blooded Māori pilot to join the RNZAF in 1941.
Turu Rakerewa Hiroti and John Charles Tamanuiarangi Tikao would go on to serve during World War II. The former serving as a recruitment officer， and the latter serving as a captain with the Māori Battalion. Timaru William Joss also served with the United States Navy， in charge of a barge during the Normandy landings.
Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998Edit
The New Zealand Parliament passed the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act in 1998 to record an apology from the Crown and to settle claims made under the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi. One of the Act’s provisions covered the use of dual English and Māori names for geographical locations in the Ngāi Tahu tribal area. The recognised tribal authority， Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu， is based in Christchurch and in Invercargill. 21st centuryEdit South Island rivers claimEdit
In 2021， the iwi began legal proceedings against the New Zealand government， claiming “”repeated failures over successive governments to protect the country’s waterways”” and further that “”the crown must recognise their rangatiratanga — governing authority and self-determination — over waterways stretching across most of the South Island””. A core contributor to the degradation of water quality has been the growth of intensive dairy farming over three decades which has left many South Island rivers with deficient streamflows and problematic nitrate‑based eutrophication. Between 1990 and 2020， the number of dairy cattle in the Canterbury region increased from 113，000 to over 1.2 million. Included in that number are Ngāi Tahu’s own cattle; the business arm of the iwi has a substantial farming investment.

方言
See also: Māori language § South Island dialects
In the 19th century many Ngāi Tahu， particularly in the southernmost reaches of the South Island， spoke a distinct dialect of the Māori language， sometimes referred to as Southern Māori， which was so different from the northern version of the language that missionary Rev. James Watkin， based at Karitane found materials prepared by North Island missions could not be used in Otago. However， from the 20th century to the early 21st century， the dialect came close to extinction and was officially discouraged.
Southern Māori contains almost all of the same phonemes as other Māori dialects (/a， e， i， o， u， f， h， k， m， n， p， r， t， w/)， along with the same diphthongs but lacks /ŋ/ (“”ng””)， a sound that merged with /k/ in prehistoric times: Ngāi Tahu becomes Kāi Tahu). The change did not occur in the northern part of the Ngāi Tahu area， and the possible presence of additional phonemes (/b， p， l， r/) has been debated. Nonstandard consonants are sometimes identified in the spellings of South Island place names， such as g (as distinct from k， e.g.， Katigi， Otago)， v (e.g.， Mavora)， l instead of r (e.g.， Little Akaloa， Kilmog， Waihola， Rakiula)， and w or u instead of wh as reflecting dialect difference， but similar spellings and pronunciations also occur in the North Island (e.g. Tolaga Bay).
The apocope， the dropping of the final vowel of words， resulting from pronunciations like ‘Wacky-white’ for “”Waikouaiti”” has been identified with Southern Māori. However， the devoicing， rather than apocope， of final vowels occurs in the speech of native Māori-speakers throughout New Zealand， and the pronunciation of the names of North Island towns by locals often omits final vowels as well， like in the pronunciation of “”Paraparam”” or “”Waiuk””.

ガバナンス
Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu (TRoNT) is the governance entity of Ngāi Tahu， following the Treaty of Waitangi settlement between the iwi and the New Zealand Government under Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998. It is also a mandated iwi organisation under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004， an iwi aquaculture organisation under the Māori Commercial Aquaculture Claims Settlement Act 2004， an iwi authority under the Resource Management Act 1991 and a Tūhono organisation. It also represents Ngāi Tahu Whānui， the collective of hapū including Waitaha， Ngāti Māmoe， and Ngāi Tahu， including， Ngāti Kurī， Ngāti Irakehu， Ngāti Huirapa， Ngāi Tūāhuriri， and Ngāi Te Ruahikihiki， under Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu Act 1996.
The interests of Ngāi Tahu cover a wide range of regions， including the territories of Tasman District Council， Marlborough District Council， West Coast Regional Council， Environment Canterbury， Otago Regional Council and Environment Southland， and the district councils which make up these regional councils.
Papatipu rūnanga/rūnaka， as constituent areas of Ngāi Tahu， each have an elected board which then elect a representative to Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. Ngāi Tahu has a very corporate structure， in part due to the death of an important upoko ariki (paramount chief)， Te Maiharanui， at the time of the arrival of Europeans in New Zealand. Under the Resource Management Act， both the trust and local papatipu rūnanga should be consulted with about natural resource matters. The 18 representatives of papatipu rūnanga oversee Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu as a charitable trust. As of 2016， the acting kaiwhakahaere (chairman) is Lisa Tumahai， the chief executive officer is Arihia Bennett， the general counsel is Chris Ford， and the trust is based in Addington， Christchurch.

ルナンガとマラエ
Canterbury rūnangaEdit
Ngāi Tahu has nine rūnanga in Canterbury:
Te Rūnanga o Kaikōura centres on Takahanga and extends from Te Parinui o Whiti to the Hurunui River and inland to the Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana. Takahanga marae in Kaikōura includes Maru Kaitatea meeting house.
Te Ngāi Tūāhuriri centres on Rūnanga Tuahiwi and extends from the Hurunui to Hakatere， sharing an interest with Arowhenua Runanga northwards to the Rakaia River， and thence inland to the Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana. The Tuahiwi marae of the Ngāi Tūāhuriri hapū is located in Tuahiwi and includes Māhunui II meeting house.
Rapaki Rūnanga centres on Rāpaki-o-Te-Rakiwhakaputa and includes the catchment of Whakaraupo and Te Kaituna. Rāpaki Marae， also known as Te Wheke Marae， is located near Governors Bay.
Te Rūnanga o Koukourarata centres on Koukourarata and extends from the Pōhatu pā to the shores of Lake Ellesmere / Te Waihora， including Te Kaituna. Koukourarata Marae is located in Koukourarata， and includes Tūtehuarewa meeting house.
Wairewa Rūnanga centres on Wairewa and the catchment of Lake Te Wairewa and the hills and coast to the adjoining takiwā of Koukourarata， Onuku Rūnanga， and Taumutu Rūnanga. Wairewa marae is located at Little River and includes Te Mako meeting house.
Te Rūnanga o Onuku centres on Onuku and the hills and coasts of Akaroa to the adjoining takiwā of Te Rūnanga o Koukourarata and Wairewa Runanga. Onuku marae is located in Akaroa， and includes the Karaweko meeting house.
Taumutu Rūnanga centres on Taumutu and the waters of Lake Ellesmere / Te Waihora and adjoining lands and shares a common interest with Te Ngāi Tūāhuriri Rūnanga and Te Rūnanga o Arowhenua in the area south to Hakatere. The local marae， Ngāti Moki， is located in Taumutu.
Te Rūnanga o Arowhenua centres on Arowhenua， Temuka and extends from Rakaia to Waitaki， sharing interests with Ngāi Tūāhuriri ki Kaiapoi between Hakatere and Rakaia， and thence inland to Aoraki / Mount Cook and the Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana. The Ngati Huirapa (hapū) Arowhenua， Te Hapa o Niu Tireni， Temuka.
Te Rūnanga o Waihao centres on Wainono， sharing interests with Te Rūnanga o Arowhenua to the Waitaki River， and extends inland to Omarama and the Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana. The Waihao marae is in Waimate.
Otago rūnangaEdit
Ngāi Tahu has three rūnanga in Otago:
Te Rūnanga o Moeraki centres on Moeraki and extends from Waitaki to Waihemo and inland to the Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana. Moeraki marae in located in Moeraki and includes Uenuku meeting house.
Kati Huirapa ki Puketeraki centres on Karitane and extends from Waihemo to Purehurehu and includes an interest in Otepoti and the greater harbour of Ōtākou. The takiwā extends inland to the Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana， sharing an interest in the lakes and mountains to Whakatipu-Waitai with Rūnanga to the south. The Huirapa hapū have the Puketeraki marae in Karitāne.
Te Rūnanga o Otakou centres on Ōtākou and extends from Purehurehu to Te Matau and inland， sharing an interest in the lakes and mountains to the western coast with Rūnanga to the north and to the south (includes the city of Dunedin). The Ōtākou marae is located at Otago Heads， and includes the Tamatea meeting house.
West Coast rūnangaEdit
Ngāi Tahu has two rūnanga in Westland:
Te Rūnanga o Makaawhio centres on Mahitahi and extends from the south bank of the Pouerua River to Piopiotahi and inland to the Main Divide， together with a shared interest with Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Waewae in the area situated between the north bank of the Pouerua River and the south bank of the Hokitika River. Their marae， Te Tauraka Waka a Maui， at Mahitahi， officially opened on 23 January 2005. Southern Westland， only thinly settled by Māori， had — uniquely in the iwi’s region — lacked a marae for 140 years. The marae includes the Kaipo meeting house.
Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Waewae (sometimes Te Rūnaka o Kāti Waewae) centres on the Arahura River and Hokitika and extends from the north bank of the Hokitika River to Kahurangi Point and inland to the Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana， together with a shared interest with Te Rūnanga o Makaawhio in the area situated between the north bank of the Pouerua River and the south bank of the Hokitika River. Ned Tauwhare is currently chair of the Rūnanga. Arahura marae， north of Hokitika， includes the Tūhuru meeting house.
Southland rūnangaEdit
Ngāi Tahu has four rūnanga in Southland:
Waihopai Rūnaka centres on Waihopai and extends northwards to Te Matau sharing an interest in the lakes and mountains to the western coast with other Murihiku rūnanga and those located from Waihemo southwards. The Murihiku marae and Te Rakitauneke meeting house are located in Invercargill.
Te Rūnanga o Awarua centres on Awarua and extends to the coasts and estuaries adjoining Waihopai sharing an interest in the lakes and mountains between Whakatipu-Waitai and Tawhititarere with other Murihiku rūnanga and those located from Waihemo southwards. Its marae， Te Rau Aroha， is located at Bluff， and includes Tahu Potiki meeting house.
Te Rūnanga o Oraka Aparima centres on Colac Bay / Ōraka and extends from Waimatuku to Tawhititarere sharing an interest in the lakes and mountains from Whakatipu-Waitai to Tawhititarere with other Murihiku Runanga and those located from Waihemo southwards. The rūnanga has a marae， Takutai o te Titi， in Riverton.
Hokonui Rūnanga centres on the Hokonui region and includes a shared interest in the lakes and mountains between Whakatipu-Waitai and Tawhitarere with other Murihiku rūnanga and those located from Waihemo southwards. Its marae， O Te Ika Rama， is located in Gore.

商社

Shotover Jet in Queenstown is one of several assets owned by Ngāi Tahu Holdings
Ngāi Tahu actively owns or invests in many businesses throughout the country. In the 2008 financial year， Ngāi Tahu Holdings had a net surplus of $80.4 million， of which $11.5 million was distributed to members of the iwi via rūnanga and whānau.TourismEdit Shotover Jet
Aqua Taxi in the Abel Tasman National Park
Dart River Safaris on the Dart River / Te Awa Whakatipu
Franz Josef Glacier Guides at Franz Josef Glacier
Hollyford Guided Walks in the Hollyford Valley
Huka Jet at Huka Falls
Kaiteriteri Kayaks in the Abel Tasman National Park
Hikuwai Indoor Ice Climbing (management)
Rainbow Springs Nature Park at Rotorua
Kiwi Encounter (allied to Rainbow Springs)
Whale Watch at Kaikōura
Wasp Marine at Queenstown
Agrodome at Rotorua Primary industriesEdit Ngāi Tahu Seafood
31 forests totaling more than 100，000 hectares
Property and other investmentsEdit
Ngāi Tahu Property currently has assets with a market value in excess of $550 million. Ngāi Tahu has an investment portfolio of prime properties including:
Akaroa residential developments
Armstrong Prestige， Christchurch
Christchurch Civic Building
Christchurch Courts Complex
The former Christchurch Police Station site
Christchurch Post Building (with Christchurch City Council)
Christchurch residential developments
Dunedin Police Station
Franz Josef Glacier Hot Pools
Governor’s Bay residential developments
Iveagh Bay Terraces
Lincoln Farm subdivision (with Lincoln University)
Mahaanui Office (for Department of Conservation)
O’Regans Wharf， Lake Esplanade， Queenstown
Building 4 (Queenstown Courts Building)
Queenstown Police Station
Pig and Whistle， Queenstown
Ryman Healthcare (40 million shares)
Sockburn Business Park， Blenheim Road
St Omer Wharf， Queenstown
Tower Junction Village， Addington
Tower Junction Megacentre， Christchurch
Turners Car Auctions， Addington Tumara Park Wigram Air Base， Christchurch
Wigram National Trade Academyigram Village Tahu FMEdit
Main article: Tahu FM
Tahu FM is the iwi’s official radio station. It began as Christchurch’s Te Reo Iriraki Ki Otautahi on 6 February 1991. Between 1996 and 2001， it formed a broadcasting partnership with Mai FM and began playing more urban contemporary music. It changed its name to Tahu FM in December 1997， and briefly changed its name to Mai FM in 1999 before reverting to Tahu FM. It broadcasts in Christchurch on 90.5 FM. In 2000 it began broadcasting Kaikōura on 90.7 FM， Dunedin on 95.0 FM， Invercargill on 99.6 FM， and around the country on 505 Sky Digital.
Tahu FM resumed broadcasting five days after the 2011 Christchurch earthquake， with assistance from Te Upoko O Te Ika and other iwi radio stations， and operated as the city’s Māori language civil defence station. In December 2014 it was recognised as the country’s highest-rating Māori radio station.

著名なガイ・タフ
Main category: Ngāi Tahu people
Peter Arnett ONZM (born 1934)， international journalist
Ulva Belsham QSO (1921–2011)， World War II telegraphist and Ngāi Tahu researcher
Martha Sarah Kahui Bragg (1895–1975)， dairy farmer and foster parent to 38 children
Ricki-Lee Coulter (born 1985)， singer
Riki Ellison (born 1960)， linebacker， first New Zealander to play in the NFL
Thomas Rangiwahia Ellison (c. 1867–1904)， rugby player and lawyer
Darrin Hodgetts， social psychology academic
Keri Hulme (born 1947)， Booker Prize-winning author
Karetai (c. 1805–1860)， Ngāi Tahu chief， Treaty of Waitangi signatory
Miriama Kamo (born 1973)， journalist and television presenter
Jeremy Latimore (born 1986)， rugby league player
Sandra Lee (born 1952)， politician
Sir Tipene O’Regan (born 1939)， kaumatua， company director， and academic， and negotiator in Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998
Dame Marilyn Pryor DSG (1936–2005)， Catholic pro-life advocate
Rachael Rakena (born 1969)， artist
Sir Mark Wiremu Solomon KNZM (born c. 1954)， tribal leader
Billy Stead (1877–1958)， All Black rugby player
John Taiaroa (1862–1907)， All Black rugby player and lawyer
Tamaiharanui (17??– c. 1830/31)， paramount chief
Lilia Tarawa (born 1990/1991)， author， speaker， entrepreneur， former member of the Gloriavale Christian Community
Henare Rakiihia Tau (1941–2014)， kaumatua; county， district， and tribal councillor， and negotiator in Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998
Hone Taare Tikao (1850–1927)， leader， scholar， and politician
Selwyn Toogood QSO ED (1916–2001)， Radio and Television personality
Hone “”Bloody Jack”” Tūhawaiki (c. 1805–1844)， Ngāi Tahu chief， Treaty of Waitangi signatory
Storm Uru (born 1985)， Olympic rower
Richard Rangi Wallace QSM， Anglican bishop
Piri Weepu (born 1983)， All Black rugby player
Kaikoura Whakatau (–1868)， New Zealand tribal leader
Wharetutu (early 1800s – after 1870)， founding mother
Marlon Williams (born 1990)， singer
Frank Winter MBE (1906–1976)， kaumatua
ジョナサン・ウィンター（1971年生まれ）、オリンピック競泳選手

参考文献
^ 「2013 年の国勢調査 iwi 個人プロファイル: Ngāi Tahu / Kāi Tahu」 .www.stats.govt.nz. Stats NZ. Archived from the original on August 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2020. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Tumataroa、Phil。レヴィントン、マーク。Tafuna’i、Faumuinā FM; ロイフキンス、ダイアナ。レスリー、サイモン編。（2012）。「マナワ・カイ・タフ：テ・クリをトゥテコヒ」. Te Karaka(英語とマオリ語)。No. 54. Barr、Tremane。ブリッジ、トニー。コーツ、ジェリー。キーン、ハワード。フィリップ、マット。ショー、ジェフ。テ・ワイティ、カフ。ベニオン、トム。クレメント、ダイアナ。ハルム、ケリ。マンテル、コア。レウィ、エイドリアン。マラ、テ・カヒカ。ティパ、ロブ。フィタウ、シダ。Christchurch 8141: Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu （2012 年 6 月発行)。38～39ページ . Retrieved 13 August 2020.
^ “”Ngāi Tahu – Kaikōura History””. Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
^ “”Our History””. Te Taumutu Rūnanga. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
^ “”Ancient Iwi – Ngāi Tahu””. ngaitahu.maori.nz. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
^ Tau， Te Maire （2005). “”The ancestor Paikea by Cliff Whiting””. Te Ara Enyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 13 August 2020. ^ Jump up to: a b c d
Tainui， Rahera (1946). McEwen， J.M. (ed.). “”Ngai-Tahu， Notes Relating to””. The Journal of the Polynesian Society. LV: 221–235. Retrieved 13 August 2020. ^ Jump up to: a b c d
Tau， Te Maire （2005). “”Tahupōtiki and his descendants””. Te Ara Enyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 13 August 2020. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g
Tumataroa， Phil; Revington， Mark; Tafuna’i， Faumuinā F.M.; Leufkins， Diana; Leslie， Simon， eds. （2012). “”Manawa Kāi Tahu: Waiata mō Huirapa””. Te Karaka (in English and Maori). No. 55. Barr， Tremane; Bridge， Tony; Clement， Diana; Devine， Sharr; Evans， Jeff; Latham-Coates， Tiaki; Potiki， Tahu; Rewi， Adrienne; Tipa， Rob; Whitau， Fern; Bennion， Tom; Butler， Raoul; Coates， Gerry; Deborah， Diaz; Hulme， Keri; Meylan， Greg; Rangipuna， Charisma; Te Whaiti， Kāhu. Christchurch 8141: Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu (published October 2012). pp. 36–37. Retrieved 13 August 2020. ^ Jump up to: a b c d
Beattie， H. (1922). “”Traditions and legends. Collected from the natives of Murihiku. (Southland， New Zealand) Part XIV””. The Journal of the Polynesian Society. XXXI: 134–144. Retrieved 13 August 2020. ^ Jump up to: a b c
“”Papanui””. Christchurch City Libraries. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
^ “”Te heke-o-nga-toko-toru. (The migration of the three.) by George Graham， p 190-192″”. Journal of the Polynesian Society. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
^ “”Notes and queries， p 385-387″”. Journal of the Polynesian Society. Retrieved 16 May 2020. ^ Jump up to: a b c d
“”Tūāhuriri””. Christchurch City Libraries. Retrieved 11 April 2020. ^ Jump up to: a b c
Tau， Te Maire （2005). “”Ngāi Tahu: The move south””. Te Ara Enyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 13 August 2020. ^ Jump up to: a b
“”Tūtekawa””. Christchurch City Libraries. Retrieved 8 May 2020. ^ Jump up to: a b
“”Makō (Makō-ha-kirikiri)””. Christchurch City Libraries. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
^ “”Marukaitātea (Maru)””. Christchurch City Libraries. Retrieved 8 May 2020. ^ Jump up to: a b c
“”Moki””. Christchurch City Libraries. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
^ “”Te Rakiwhakaputa””. Christchurch City Libraries. Retrieved 8 May 2020. ^ Jump up to: a b
“”Tūrakautahi””. Christchurch City Libraries. Retrieved 11 April 2020. ^ Jump up to: a b c d
“”Ngāi Tahu cultural mapping project， atlas””. Te Ara Enyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 1 September 2020. ^ Jump up to: a b c
Tau， Te Maire （2005). “”Ngāi Tahu: Spreading south and west””. Te Ara Enyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
^ Mitchell， John; Mitchell， Hilary （2012). “”Ngati Tumatakokiri””. The Prow: Ngā Kōrero o Te Tau Iho. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
^ Tau， Te Maire （2005). “”Ngāi Tahu: Ngāi Tahu and Waitaha””. Te Ara Enyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
^ “”Te Ruahikihiki””. Christchurch City Libraries. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
^ “”Battle of Waitaramea – Battlefields on Waymarking.com””. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
^ “”Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Waewae””. Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. Retrieved 14 June 2020. ^ Jump up to: a b
Maika， Mason. “”Tuhuru Kokare””. Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 1 September 2020. ^ Jump up to: a b c d
Oliver， Steven. “”Tama-i-hara-nui””. Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 23 February 2020. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e
“”Tamaiharanui (Te Maiharanui or Tama-I-Hara-Nui)””. Christchurch City Libraries. Retrieved 25 August 2020. ^ Jump up to: a b c d
Tau， Te Maire （2005). “”Ngāi Tahu: Wars with Ngāti Toa””. Te Ara Enyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
^ “”Captain Stewart and the Elizabeth – a frontier of chaos?””. Manatū Taonga: Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
^ “”Iwikau””. Manatū Taonga: Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 12 April 2020. ^ Jump up to: a b c d
“”Herald Bunbury treaty copy””. Manatū Taonga: Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
^ “”Henry Williams treaty copy””. Manatū Taonga: Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
^ “”Kōrako””. Manatū Taonga: Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 12 April 2020. ^ Jump up to: a b c
Thomson， Jane; Belsham， Ulva， eds. (1998). Southern People: A Dictionary of Otago Southland Biography. 9 Dowling Street， Dunedin: Longacre Press. p. 262. ISBN 1877135119.
^ Schroder， Irene （2012). Tumataroa， Phil; Revington， Mark; Anderson， Adrienne; Tafuna’i， Faumuinā F.M.; Rewi， Adrienne; Leufkins， Diana; Leslie， Simon (eds.). “”Postcard from Antarctica””. Te Karaka. No. 53. Christchurch 8141: Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu (published June 2012). pp. 8–12. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ “”Roll of Honour – He Rau Mahara””. Ngāi Tahu Whakapapa Unit. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
^ “”From the pā to the battlefields of the Great War””. Ngāi Tahu. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
^ “”George West Neighbourhood – Wigram Skies””. Ngāi Tahu. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
^ Arahanga， Julian (Director， Producer) Roderick， Maramena (Producer) Kora， Francis (As: Porokoru Patapu (John) Pohe) Hurrell， Jeff (Editor) Moriarty， Jim (Narrator) （2008). Turangaarere: The John Pohe Story. NZ On Screen.
^ “”Turu Hiroti””. Auckland War Memorial Museum. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
^ “”John Charles Tamanuiarangi Tikao – 28th Maori Battalion””. 28th Māori Battalion.org. Retrieved 9 May 2020. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v
“”Rohe””. tkm.govt.nz. Te Puni Kōkiri， New Zealand Government. Retrieved 2 March 2016. ^ Jump up to: a b c
McClure， Tess (24 December 2021). “”Trauma， dislocation， pollution: why Māori leaders want control of the South Island’s water””. The Guardian. London， United Kingdom. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
^ Chalmers， Heather. “”Ngāi Tahu Farming replaces forestry with 14，000 cows at Eyrewell””. Stuff.co.nz. Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 8 January 2022. ^ Jump up to: a b c Harlow， R. (1987). A word-list of South Island Maori. Auckland: Linguistic Society of New Zealand.
ISBN 0-9597603-2-6 ^ Harlow， R.B. (1979). “”””Regional Variation in Maori””. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology， 1， 123–138. ^ For example:
“”Research””. Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. Retrieved 16 June 2014. Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu (TRoNT) is regularly approached by researchers and organisations seeking engagement， advice or support for various research projects.
^ “”Papatipu Rūnanga””. Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. Retrieved 13 June 2017. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r
“”Te Runanga o Ngāi Tahu (Declaration of Membership) Order 2001″”. knowledge-basket.co.nz. New Zealand Government. Archived from the original on 13 November 2006. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
^ “”Marae project””. Makaawhio.maori.nz. Archived from the original on 5 February 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2014. ^ Te Runanga o Ngāi Tahu， Annual Report 2008， page 85
^ “”Case Study: Shotover Jet Limited””. Te Puni Kōkiri. Archived from the original on 8 August 2007. Retrieved 17 April 2007.
^ “”Property Investment Portfolio””. Ngāi Tahu Property.
^ McDonald， Liz (10 August 2017). “”Ngāi Tahu’s new $85m Christchurch office complex will ‘strengthen city’s mana’””. The Press. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
^ “”Showroom & Warehouse””. Ngāi Tahu Property. Archived from the original on 20 February 2009. Retrieved 24 February 2009.
^ “”Tahu FM in joint venture with Auckland Station””. Vol. 5， no. 9. Te Māori. p. 7.
^ Reedy， Lisa (1999). “”Tahu FM becomes Mai FM; Aroha mai， aroha atu – ‘the things we do for love’””. No. 10. AUT University. Te Karaka: the Ngāi Tahu magazine. pp. 12–13.
^ “”Kaitaia””. Welcome to the Radio Vault. New Zealand: The Radio Vault. 23 July 2009. Archived from the original on 22 January 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
^ “”Iwi radio stations stand together in wake of earthquake””. Human Rights Commission. Nga Reo Tangata: Media and Diversity Network. 16 March 2011. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
^ “”Iwi Radio Coverage”” (PDF). maorimedia.co.nz. Māori Media Network. 2007. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
^ Peata Melbourne. “”Tahu FM named top iwi radio station in the country””. Television New Zealand. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
^ Reedy， Lisa (1999). “”Tahu FM becomes Mai FM; Aroha mai， aroha atu – ‘the things we do for love’””. Te Karaka: The Ngāi Tahu Magazine (10): 12–13. ISSN 1173-6011.

外部リンク

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ngāi Tahu. Official website Ngāi Tahu Atlas — 文化マッピングプロジェクト
Ngāi Tahu の第一次世界大戦軍人の公式の名誉ロール
Ngāi Tahu の営業活動
Ngāi Tahu プロパティ
maori.nzのンガイ・タフ
Te Maire TauによるNgāi Tahuストーリー · “